A smart factory is a highly digitized and connected production facility that relies on smart manufacturing. Additionally, artificial intelligence is the core technology of smart factories. The use of machine learning and deep learning algorithms has produced fruitful results in many fields like image processing, speech recognition, fault detection, object detection, or medical sciences. With the increment in the use of smart machinery, the faults in the machinery equipment are expected to increase. Machinery fault detection and diagnosis through various deep learning algorithms has increased day by day. Many types of research have been done and published using both open-source and closed-source datasets, implementing the deep learning algorithms. Out of many publicly available datasets, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) bearing dataset has been widely used to detect and diagnose machinery bearing fault and is accepted as a standard reference for validating the models. This paper summarizes the recent works which use the CWRU bearing dataset in machinery fault detection and diagnosis employing deep learning algorithms. We have reviewed the published works and presented the working algorithm, result, and other necessary details in this paper. This paper, we believe, can be of good help for future researchers to start their work on machinery fault detection and diagnosis using the CWRU dataset.

Underwater acoustics has been implemented mostly in the field of sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) procedures for submarine communication, the examination of maritime assets and environment surveying, target and object recognition, and measurement and study of acoustic sources in the underwater atmosphere. With the rapid development in science and technology, the advancement in sonar systems has increased, resulting in a decrement in underwater casualties. The sonar signal processing and automatic target recognition using sonar signals or imagery is itself a challenging process. Meanwhile, highly advanced data-driven machine-learning and deep learning-based methods are being implemented for acquiring several types of information from underwater sound data. This paper reviews the recent sonar automatic target recognition, tracking, or detection works using deep learning algorithms. A thorough study of the available works is done, and the operating procedure, results, and other necessary details regarding the data acquisition process, the dataset used, and the information regarding hyper-parameters is presented in this article. This paper will be of great assistance for upcoming scholars to start their work on sonar automatic target recognition.

Bearings play a vital role in all rotating machinery, and their failure is one of the significant causes of machine breakdown leading to a profound loss of safety and property. Therefore, the failure of rolling element bearings should be detected early while the machine fault is small. This paper presents the model that detects bearing failures using the continuous wavelet transform and classifies them using a switchable normalization-based convolutional neural network (SN-CNN). State-of-the-art accuracy was achieved with the proposed model using the Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) bearing dataset, which serves as the primary dataset for validating various algorithms for bearing failure detection. Batch normalization techniques were also employed and compared to the proposed model. The spectrogram images were also used as input for further comparison. Using switchable normalization, the proposed model achieved the testing accuracy in between 99.44% and 100% for different batch sizes and datasets.

A smart factory is a highly digitized and networked production facility based on smart manufacturing. A smart manufacturing plant is the result of intelligent systems deployed in the factory. Smart factories have higher production volumes and are prone to machine failures when operating in almost all applications on a daily basis. With the growing concept of smart manufacturing required for Industry 4.0, intelligent methods for detecting and classifying bearing faults have become a subject of scientific research and interest. In this paper, a deep learning-based 1-D convolutional neural network is proposed using the time-sequence bearing data from the Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) bearing database. Four different sets of data are used. The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art accuracy even with a small amount of training data. For the sensitivity analysis of the proposed method, metrics such as precision, recall, and f-measure are determined. Next, we compare the proposed method with a 2-D CNN that uses two-dimensional image illustrations of raw data as input. This method shows the effectiveness of using 1-D CNNs over 2-D CNNs for time-sequence data. The proposed method is computationally inexpensive and outperforms the most complex and computationally intensive algorithms used for bearing fault detection and diagnosis.

Smart manufacturing is a process that optimizes factory performance and production quality by utilizing various technologies including the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI). Quality control is an important part of today’s smart manufacturing process, effectively reducing costs and enhancing operational efficiency. As technology in the industry becomes more advanced, identifying and classifying defects has become an essential element in ensuring the quality of products during the manufacturing process. In this study, we introduce a CNN model for classifying defects on hot-rolled steel strip surfaces using hybrid deep learning techniques, incorporating a global average pooling (GAP) layer and a machine learning-based SVM classifier, with the aim of enhancing accuracy. Initially, features are extracted by the VGG19 convolutional block. Then, after processing through the GAP layer, the extracted features are fed to the SVM classifier for classification. For this purpose, we collected images from publicly available datasets, including the Xsteel surface defect dataset (XSDD) and the NEU surface defect (NEU-CLS) datasets, and we employed offline data augmentation techniques to balance and increase the size of the datasets. The outcome of experiments shows that the proposed methodology achieves the highest metrics score, with 99.79% accuracy, 99.80% precision, 99.79% recall, and a 99.79% F1-score for the NEU-CLS dataset. Similarly, it achieves 99.64% accuracy, 99.65% precision, 99.63% recall, and a 99.64% F1-score for the XSDD dataset. A comparison of the proposed methodology to the most recent study showed that it achieved superior results as compared to the other studies.