The camel milk market’s rapid expansion necessitates strategies that ensure raw milk quality and safety, particularly in small-scale production. This study examines smallholder farmers in Haixi, Qinghai Province, China, where traditional practices intersect with modern standards. Analyzing 80 raw camel milk samples, the study assessed risks like adulteration, microbial contamination, and nutritional variability. DNA testing and microbial assays revealed that 66.67% of hand-milked samples were adulterated with cow milk, a significantly higher rate than mechanically processed samples (p < 0.05). Manual milking also showed higher microbial counts (up to 2.05 × 10⁴ CFU/mL) and somatic cell levels, indicating hygiene issues. Nutritional analysis found that grazing systems yielded milk with more vitamin A, B2, and potassium, while semi-intensive systems had higher ash content. A quality evaluation framework was developed, combining pastoralist knowledge with rapid diagnostic tools, focusing on mechanization, cold-chain efficiency, and community training. This framework provides strategies to reduce adulteration, ensure nutritional consistency, and align small-scale production with international standards. The study proposes culturally adaptive quality control methods to protect consumer health, support rural livelihoods, and standardize the camel milk market.

Food Science of Animal Resources (Food Sci. Anim. Resour.) is an international, peer-reviewed bimonthly journal publishing original research and reviews on basic and applied aspects of the use of animal resources including the meat, egg, dairy, and edible insect/worm products. Food Sci. Anim. Resour. is published and distributed by the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources.

Background/Objectives: This study investigates the therapeutic potential of camel milk-derived extracellular vesicles (CM-EVs) for treating colonic damage caused by high-altitude hypoxia, supporting the WHO’s “Food as Medicine” initiative. Methods: Using a 5500 m mouse model, researchers induced colonic injury and treated it with oral CM-EVs for 15 days, comparing results to whole camel milk. Results: CM-EVs outperformed whole milk, significantly improving colon health by restoring barrier integrity and reducing disease activity index (DAI) (p < 0.01). They boosted beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and decreased Enterobacteriaceae (p < 0.01). Metabolic analysis showed restored bile acid balance and amino acid modulation via the FXR/NF-κB pathway, reducing TLR4/MyD88-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress (p < 0.01). Fecal microbiota transplantation in the CM-EVs group notably decreased DAI and increased colon length (p < 0.05). Conclusions: CM-EVs repair mucosal damage, balance microbiota, and regulate metabolism to combat hypoxia-induced colonic damage, suggesting their potential as nutraceuticals and altitude-adaptive foods. This showcases nanotechnology’s role in enhancing traditional dietary benefits via precision nutrition.

The Wohlfahrtia magnifica living in Mongolia plateau was the only pathogen of Bactrian camel vaginal myiasis. In this paper, the head, thorax, abdomen, wing, leg and male and female identification of W. magnifica were observed and described by ultra depth imager. The W. magnifica was a kind of medium and large flies and covered with silver- gray pollen. The head had compound eyes, mouthparts, antenna, and a large amount of bristles. The dorsal of thorax was covered with silver-gray pollen and the mesothorax was developed, the legs, wings and halter were attached to thorax. The abdomen was divided into five abdominal segments, its dorsal had symmetrical black patch and the ventral was gray-black.The wings were composed of veins and cells. The leg was divided into propodium, mesopodium and metapodium. The structure of terminalia was difference between male and female, the female flies had serration end edges in the caudal end of abdominal segment and its terminalia was concave and the anal papilla was grayish white. To the male flies, its end edges of the caudal end of abdominal segment was smooth and its terminalia was convex, the dark yellow saccular process was shaped like a spoon swollen.This results would enrich people’s understanding of the biological characteristics of W. magnifica in the Mongolia Plateau.

The Alxa bactrian camel vaginal myiasis is caused by the larvae of Wohlfahrtia Magnifica parasitised in its vagina. In this study, the morphological structure of the larvae of vaginal myiasis in Alxa bactrian camel is observed to understand about their habits and lifestyle. The 1^st instar larvae were obtained from the female Wohlfahrtia Magnifica captured in the field, or from the vulva of Alxa bactrian camel oviposited by the female Wohlfahrtia Magnifica. The 2^nd and the 3^rd instar larvae were taken from the vaginal lesion in the diseased Alxa bactrian camel. We observed the structure and gave a description by scanning with electron microscope, integrated anatomical microscope and ultra depth imager. Under integrated anatomical microscope, we could observe that the larva had 12 segments, in which 1 bilobed pseudocephalon segment, 3 thoracic segments, 7 abdominal segments and 1 anal segment, respectively. Under electron microscope, we could see many sensilla and a pair of mouthhooks at bilobed pseudocephalon on the 1^st instar larva and mouthhooks attached to the cephaloskeleton. The surface of larva has a lot of hard spines and its number and arrangement were different on each segment. The anterior respiratory spiracles of the 2^nd and the 3^rd instar larva showed a fan-like structure carrying 5 branches. The anal division was the last segment, hemispherical. The posterior spiracles are hidden in the spiracular cavity.

Vaginal myiasis is one of the most serious parasitic diseases in Bactrian camels. At present, there are no reports on biological control measures of the disease. In this paper, the metabolomic analysis of vaginal secretions from susceptible and non-susceptible camels was performed by ACQUITY UPLC H-Class Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatograph. The results matched in 140 vaginal compounds. Methylheptenone, 1-octen-3-ol, and propyl butyrate and their mixtures were selected for gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAD), electroantennography (EAG), behavioral experiments and trapping experiments of Wohlfahrtia magnifica (W. magnifica). Results showed that the W. magnifica had EAG responses to the three compounds, respectively. The EAG responses of female flies to different concentrations of methylheptenone were significantly different, but to the others had no significant difference, and there was no significant difference in the same compounds between the different sexes. Behavioral and trapping experiments showed that methylheptenone and 1-octen-3-ol have significant attraction to W. magnifica, but there was no significant difference to propyl butyrate. When methylheptenone and 1-octen-3-ol were mixed in different proportions, it was found that a mixture at the ratio of 1:1 and 0.5:1 had extremely significant and significant attraction, respectively, to both male and female W. magnifica. The study showed that, except for propyl butyrate, the higher the concentrations of the other two compounds, the stronger the attractivity to the W. magnifica, and a mixture at the ratio of 1:1 could enhance the attractivity to the W. magnifica.