Microparticles (MPs) with controlled morphologies and sizes have been investigated by several researchers due to their importance in pharmaceutical, ceramic, cosmetic, and food industries to just name a few. In particular, the electrospray (ES) technique has been shown to be a viable alternative for the development of single particles with different dimensions, multiple layers, and varied morphologies. In order to adjust these properties, it is necessary to optimize different experimental parameters, such as polymer solvent, voltage, flow rate (FR), type of collectors, and distance between the collector and needle tip, which will all be highlighted in this review. Moreover, the influence and contributions of each of these parameters on the design and fabrication of polymeric MPs are described. In addition, the most common configurations of ES systems for this purpose are discussed, for instance, the main configuration of an ES system with monoaxial, coaxial, triaxial, and multi-capillary delivery. Finally, the main types of collectors employed, types of synthesized MPs and their applications specifically in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields will be emphasized. To date, ES is a promising and versatile technology with numerous excellent applications in the pharmaceutical and biomaterials field and such MPs generated should be employed for the improved treatment of cancer, healing of bone, and other persistent medical problems.

Bacterial cellulose (BC), a biopolymer synthesized by various bacterial species, has emerged as a promising material for biomedical applications due to its unique properties, including high purity, biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and structural similarity to the extracellular matrix. This review explores the advancements in BC research over the last decade, focusing on its applications in tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery systems. While BC offers numerous benefits, challenges such as large-scale production, structural modification, however regulatory approval hinder its broader clinical use. Recent studies have introduced innovative solutions, such as using agro-industrial waste to lower production costs and combining BC with other materials to enhance its bioactivity. As research progresses, BC has the potential to revolutionize the field of biomedicine, offering sustainable, versatile, and effective solutions for a wide range of medical applications.

This study focuses on synthesizing gallium-containing hydroxyapatite (Ga-HA) with chlorhexidine (CLX) for potential use in bone and dental tissue restoration. The Ga-HA/CLX materials were prepared using a suspension-precipitation method and were surface-functionalized with varying CLX concentrations. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the hexagonal structure of Ga-HA with space group P63/m, while XPS revealed the presence of gallium and a Ca/P ratio ranging from 1.50 to 1.72. Infrared spectra exhibited characteristic bands for phosphate and CH₂ groups, indicating CLX incorporation. The Ga-HA/CLX materials demonstrated 100% inhibitory efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacterial strains. MTT assay indicated enhanced cell viability in the presence of gallium, with the Ga-HA/CLX-0.20 material classified as non-toxic with 81.0 ± 3% cell proliferation. Density Functional Theory calculations supported favorable thermodynamics in the interaction between hydroxyapatite and chlorhexidine. Overall, Ga-HA/CLX materials exhibit promising properties for biomedical applications.

O desenvolvimento de biomateriais injetáveis para regeneração óssea tem se destacado como alternativa menos invasiva aos enxertos e implantes convencionais. Neste estudo, foram desenvolvidas microesferas à base de alginato de sódio e nanofibras de celulose bacteriana carregadas com hidroxiapatita, utilizando o método de gelificação ionotrópica. As formulações foram produzidas com 10, 20 e 30% (m/m) de hidroxiapatita em relação à matriz polimérica. As micropartículas foram caracterizadas quanto à morfologia, descritores de forma (circularidade, arredondamento e razão de aspecto), grau de intumescimento e citocompatibilidade. As análises por microscopia eletrônica de varredura evidenciaram microesferas com morfologia predominantemente esférica e superfície rugosa. Os valores de circularidade foram próximos a 1,0, indicando boa uniformidade geométrica, com destaque para a formulação contendo 20% de hidroxiapatita. Observou-se elevada capacidade de absorção de água, com percentuais superiores a 2000% nas primeiras horas e valores próximos a 7000% após 24 horas, embora tenha ocorrido rompimento estrutural das partículas após longos períodos de imersão. Os ensaios de viabilidade celular (MTT) demonstraram citocompatibilidade superior a 70% para todas as formulações, conforme preconizado pela ISO 10993-5, sendo observado aumento da viabilidade com o incremento da fração mineral. Os resultados indicam que as microesferas desenvolvidas apresentam potencial promissor para aplicações em regeneração óssea, embora estudos adicionais sejam necessários para otimização da estabilidade estrutural e avaliação em modelos biológicos mais complexos.