This study compares four approaches of local quasigeoid modelling using GNSS/levelling height anomalies. The first two approaches utilise only a dense network of points with known GNSS/levelling height anomalies and the EGM2008 model. They are based on the interpolation of residual values of height anomalies by applying the least squares collocation (LSC) and the thin plate spline (TPS). The next two approaches use additional data in the form of surface gravity data and the digital elevation model. One of these approaches is based on the classical Molodensky method combined with LSC. The other approach utilises the method of geophysical gravity data inversion (GGI). During the research, the authors used a local network of points with precisely defined GNSS/levelling height anomalies located in South-Western Poland. They obtained comparable results for all tested approaches at the maximum analysed density of GNSS/levelling points (about ). The differences between the modelling results became apparent only with an increase in the distance between the GNSS/levelling data points and the reduced accuracy of the used global geopotential model.

Applying georadar (GPR) technology for detecting underground utilities is an important element of the comprehensive assessment of the location and ground infrastructure status. These works are usually connected with the conducted investment processes or serialised inventory of underground fittings. The detection of infrastructure is also crucial in implementing the BIM technology, 3D cadastre, and planned network modernization works. GPR detection accuracy depends on the type of equipment used, the selected detection method, and external factors. The multitude of techniques used for localizing underground utilities and constantly growing accuracy demands resulting from the fact that it is often necessary to detect infrastructure under challenging conditions of dense urban development leads to the need to improve the existing technologies. The factor that motivated us to start research on assessing the precision and accuracy of ground penetrating radar detection was the need to ensure the appropriate accuracy, precision, and reliability of detecting underground utilities versus different methods and analyses. The results of the multi-variant GPR were subjected to statistical testing. Various analyses were also conducted, depending on the detection method and on the current soil parameters using a unique sensor probe. When planning detection routes, we took into account regular, established grids and tracked the trajectory of movement of the equipment using GNSS receivers (internal and external ones). Moreover, a specialist probe was used to evaluate the potential influence of the changing soil conditions on the obtained detection results. Our tests were conducted in a developed area for ten months. The results confirmed a strong correlation between the obtained accuracy and the measurement method used, while the correlation with the other factors discussed here was significantly weaker.

Safe exploitation of a building requires constant monitoring of both the object itself as well as its surrounding through the monitoring system. These tasks find particular applications when operating large construction projects, especially in urbanised areas. Besides the warning function and undertaking reactions, the monitoring system allows for recording changes in object geometries to assess their stability. To conduct monitoring, various sensors and instruments that work within the applied measuring systems can be used. As an example, one can mention precise inclinometers ('electronic bubbles') allowing for accurate determination of inclination angles. The paper discusses the precision and functional aspect of the original inclinometer developed and improved by the authors. The working principle of the device is based on optical fibres, light projection and its detection on a CCD camera objective. The presented issue is a low-cost solution offering high measurement accuracy, which may be used in structural monitoring of objects located in the impact zone of a deep excavation or other nearby ongoing investments.

The paper presents the analysis of spatial suburbanization using a multi-indicator method. Based on features related to geodetic areas (according to the directions of their use) such as built-up areas, urbanised lands, arable lands, residential, recreation and leisure areas, road transport areas as well agricultural and forest areas transformed into local land development plans - six suburbanization indicators were developed. After the standardisation of such indicators, a summary index was obtained making it possible to determine the suburbanization degree. The validation of the proposed method was made by comparing individual municipalities with the unit type determined using the Webb method. The analysis made it clear that the only four units with spatial features of the city lying in the proximity of Warsaw, for which Polish capital could be enlarged are: Piastów, Pruszków, Marki, Józefów and possibly Sulejówek.

In surveying engineering tasks, close-range photogrammetry belongs to leading technology by considering different aspects like the achievable accuracy, availability of hardware and software, accessibility to measured objects, or the economy. Hence, constant studies on photogrammetric data processing are desirable. Especially in industrial applications, the control points for close-range photogrammetry are usually measured using total stations. In the case of smaller items, more precise positions of control points can be obtained by deploying and adjusting a three-dimensional linear network located on the object. This article analyzes the accuracy of the proposed method based on the measurement of the linear network using a professional tape with a precision of ±1 mm. It is shown what accuracy of object feature dimensioning can be obtained based on the proposed innovative network method for photo-point measurement, using only the minimum required number of two stereo-images. The photogrammetric 3D model derived from them and captured with a non-metric camera is characterized by the highest possible precision, which qualifies the presented approach to accurate measurements used in the surveying engineering. The authors prove that the distance between two randomly optional points derived from the 3D model of a dimensioned object is equal to the actual distance measured directly on it with one-millimeter accuracy.