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The need for quick and easy deflection calculations of various prefabricated slabs causes simplified procedures and numerical tools to be used more often. Modelling of full 3D finite element (FE) geometry of such plates is not only uneconomical but often requires the use of complex software and advanced numerical knowledge. Therefore, numerical homogenization is an excellent tool, which can be easily employed to simplify a model, especially when accurate modelling is not necessary. Homogenization allows for simplifying a computational model and replacing a complicated composite structure with a homogeneous plate. Here, a numerical homogenization method based on strain energy equivalence is derived. Based on the method proposed, the structure of the prefabricated concrete slabs reinforced with steel spatial trusses is homogenized to a single plate element with an effective stiffness. There is a complete equivalence between the full 3D FE model built with solid elements combined with truss structural elements and the simplified homogenized plate FE model. The method allows for the correct homogenization of any complex composite structures made of both solid and structural elements, without the need to perform advanced numerical analyses. The only requirement is a correctly formulated stiffness matrix of a representative volume element (RVE) and appropriate formulation of the transformation between kinematic constrains on the RVE boundary and generalized strains.
Natalia Staszak; Tomasz Garbowski; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. Solid Truss to Shell Numerical Homogenization of Prefabricated Composite Slabs. Materials 2021, 14, 4120 .
AMA StyleNatalia Staszak, Tomasz Garbowski, Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. Solid Truss to Shell Numerical Homogenization of Prefabricated Composite Slabs. Materials. 2021; 14 (15):4120.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNatalia Staszak; Tomasz Garbowski; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. 2021. "Solid Truss to Shell Numerical Homogenization of Prefabricated Composite Slabs." Materials 14, no. 15: 4120.
The need for quick and easy deflection calculations of various prefabricated slabs causes that simplified procedures and numerical tools are used more and more often. Modelling of full 3D finite element (FE) geometry of such plates is not only uneconomical but often requires the use of complex software and advanced numerical knowledge. Therefore, numerical homogenization is an excellent tool, which can be easily employed to simplify a model, especially when accurate modelling is not necessary. Homogenization allows for simplifying a computational model and replacing a complicated composite structure with a homogeneous plate. Here, a numerical homogenization method based on strain energy equivalence is derived. Using the method proposed, the structure of the prefabricated concrete slabs reinforced with steel spatial trusses is homogenized to a single plate element with an effective stiffness. There is a complete equivalence between the full 3D FE model built with solid elements combined with truss structural elements and the simplified homogenized plate FE model. The method allows for the correct homogenization of any complex composite structures made of both solid and structural elements, without the need to perform advanced numerical analyses. The only requirement is a correctly formulated stiffness matrix of a representative volume element (RVE) and appropriate formulation of the transformation between kinematic constrains on RVE boundary and generalized strains.
Natalia Staszak; Tomasz Garbowski; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. Solid-Truss to Shell Numerical Homogenization of Prefabricated Composite Slabs. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleNatalia Staszak, Tomasz Garbowski, Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. Solid-Truss to Shell Numerical Homogenization of Prefabricated Composite Slabs. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNatalia Staszak; Tomasz Garbowski; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. 2021. "Solid-Truss to Shell Numerical Homogenization of Prefabricated Composite Slabs." , no. : 1.
This article presents the effect of taking into account the subgrade coefficient on static work of a pontoon with an internal partition, made in one stage and treated computationally as a monolithic closed rectangular tank. An exemplary pontoon is a single, ready-made shipping element that can be used as a float for a building. By assembling several floats together, the structure can form a floating platform. Due to the increasingly violent weather phenomena and the necessity to ensure safe habitation for people in countries at risk of inundation or flooding, amphibious construction could provide new solutions. This article presents calculations for a real pontoon made in one stage for the purpose of conducting research. Since it is a closed structure without any joint or contact, it can be concluded that it is impossible for water to get inside. However, in order to exclude the possibility of the pontoon filling with water, its interior was filled with Styrofoam. For static calculations, the variational approach to the finite difference method was used, assuming the condition for the minimum energy of elastic deflection during bending, taking into account the cooperation of the tank walls with the Styrofoam filling treated as a Winkler elastic substrate and assuming that Poisson’s ratio ν = 0. Based on the results, charts were made illustrating the change in bending moments at the characteristic points of the analysed tank depending on acting loads. The calculations included hydrostatic loads on the upper plate and ice floe pressure as well as buoyancy, stability and metacentric height of the pontoon. The aim of the study is to show a finished product—a single-piece pontoon that can be a prefabricated element designed for use as a float for “houses on water”.
Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. The Effect of Subgrade Coefficient on Static Work of a Pontoon Made as a Monolithic Closed Tank. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 4259 .
AMA StyleAnna Szymczak-Graczyk. The Effect of Subgrade Coefficient on Static Work of a Pontoon Made as a Monolithic Closed Tank. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (9):4259.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Szymczak-Graczyk. 2021. "The Effect of Subgrade Coefficient on Static Work of a Pontoon Made as a Monolithic Closed Tank." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9: 4259.
As climate changes progress we are dealing with violent and excessive environmental actions. However, the impacts of loads acting on a building object caused by unlikely phenomena such as: fire, explosion, flood, vehicle impact, plane impact, excessive snowfall, and excess wind gusts are still being ignored when analyzing the structure of building objects in the combinatorics of loads. The paper presents a multi-criteria approach to accidental actions and analyzes design situations and load combinations in relation to accidental actions. The existing legal acts were used to define the concept of a construction disaster. The authors verified, on the basis of applicable legal acts and design guidelines, individual analysis strategies for ensuring the safety of building objects and divided them into consequence classes of structural damage. They collected and analyzed the number of construction disasters which occurred in Poland between 1995–2019 (25 years) based on the data from the General Office of Building Control. The number of disasters was divided by voivodeships and causes and supplemented with the data on the number of people injured. The article presents the direction of research development that could be undertaken in order to eliminate future catastrophes caused by the omission of the analysis of the impact of accidental actions at the design stage. Statistical analyses were carried out to show whether land use, population density, and weather factors (wind) affect the number of recorded disasters. It has been shown that regions that have preserved the sustainable development of their territories are less vulnerable to disasters resulting from extreme weather events.
Anna Szymczak-Graczyk; Ireneusz Laks; Barbara Ksit; Maria Ratajczak. Analysis of the Impact of Omitted Accidental Actions and the Method of Land Use on the Number of Construction Disasters (a Case Study of Poland). Sustainability 2021, 13, 618 .
AMA StyleAnna Szymczak-Graczyk, Ireneusz Laks, Barbara Ksit, Maria Ratajczak. Analysis of the Impact of Omitted Accidental Actions and the Method of Land Use on the Number of Construction Disasters (a Case Study of Poland). Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):618.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Szymczak-Graczyk; Ireneusz Laks; Barbara Ksit; Maria Ratajczak. 2021. "Analysis of the Impact of Omitted Accidental Actions and the Method of Land Use on the Number of Construction Disasters (a Case Study of Poland)." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 618.
This paper concerns the numerical analysis of closed rectangular tanks made in one stage, used as pontoons. Such structures can be successfully used as floating platforms, although they primarily serve as floats for ‘houses on water’. Amphibious construction has fascinated designers for many years and is becoming, in addition to a great and prestigious location for many purposes, a practical global necessity. Severe weather phenomena that no country is safe from, i.e., heavy rains or floods, combined with the scarcity of space intended for the construction of residential buildings, encourage development at the contact of water and land or on water only. This paper contains an analysis of the static work of tanks with different bottom thickness subjected to hydrostatic load acting on tank walls and the bottom plate and evenly distributed load acting on the upper plate, i.e., major impacts that occur when tanks are used as pontoons. Calculations were made using the finite difference method in terms of energy, assuming the Poisson’s ratio ν = 0. Based on the solutions obtained, charts were made that illustrated the change in bending moments at the characteristic points of the analysed tanks depending on acting loads. The article also includes calculations of buoyancy, stability and the metacentric height for tanks with different bottom thicknesses, with the main purpose being to improve and share knowledge on their safe use as pontoons.
Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. Numerical Analysis of the Bottom Thickness of Closed Rectangular Tanks Used as Pontoons. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 8082 .
AMA StyleAnna Szymczak-Graczyk. Numerical Analysis of the Bottom Thickness of Closed Rectangular Tanks Used as Pontoons. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (22):8082.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Szymczak-Graczyk. 2020. "Numerical Analysis of the Bottom Thickness of Closed Rectangular Tanks Used as Pontoons." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22: 8082.
In this study, we aimed to investigate the accumulation of airborne trace elements in Lolium multiflorum leaves concerning photosynthetic activity parameters. Five sites for four 28-day series of plant exposition were selected. The concentration of trace elements in leaves was measured after each series, while photosynthetic activity parameters were measured three times during each series. Net photosynthesis rate (PN) and stomatal conductance (gs) were mostly negatively associated with all analyzed trace elements, unlike to CO2 concentrations (Ci). Arsenic was found with opposite trend in two exposure series. The high accumulation of Cd and Pb in plants recorded at two sites was mostly related to lowest PN and gs. Similar tendency for PN was found at sites and series with the highest Cr and Ni content in plants. L. multiflorum revealed a medium-level accumulation of trace elements and a low tolerance of the photosynthetic process to the presence of trace elements in ambient air.
Klaudia Borowiak; Anna Budka; Marta Lisiak-Zielińska; Anetta Hanć; Janina Zbierska; Danuta Barałkiewicz; Dariusz Kayzer; Renata Gaj; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk; Jolanta Kanclerz. Accumulation of Airborne Toxic Elements and Photosynthetic Performance of Lolium multiflorum L. Leaves. Processes 2020, 8, 1013 .
AMA StyleKlaudia Borowiak, Anna Budka, Marta Lisiak-Zielińska, Anetta Hanć, Janina Zbierska, Danuta Barałkiewicz, Dariusz Kayzer, Renata Gaj, Anna Szymczak-Graczyk, Jolanta Kanclerz. Accumulation of Airborne Toxic Elements and Photosynthetic Performance of Lolium multiflorum L. Leaves. Processes. 2020; 8 (9):1013.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlaudia Borowiak; Anna Budka; Marta Lisiak-Zielińska; Anetta Hanć; Janina Zbierska; Danuta Barałkiewicz; Dariusz Kayzer; Renata Gaj; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk; Jolanta Kanclerz. 2020. "Accumulation of Airborne Toxic Elements and Photosynthetic Performance of Lolium multiflorum L. Leaves." Processes 8, no. 9: 1013.
The paper presents the effect of considering the substrate under the floor—insulation in the form of closed-cell polyurethane spray foam, which is used for insulating surfaces particularly exposed to mechanical impact. The layer of thermal insulation was made by spraying, which prevents the occurrence of thermal bridges due to tight filling of the insulated space. It seems extremely important to adopt the appropriate material characteristics of an insulating layer. The basic thermophysical properties of polyurethane foam justifying its choice as an insulation material were the values of its thermal conductivity coefficient (0.022 W/(mK)) and density (36 kg/m3). However, what was the most important for the calculations provided in the work was to determine the stiffness of the foam subgrade so as to assess its impact on the floor load capacity. The paper includes calculations for a floor slab characterized by a static diagram, with all edges free (unfixed), loaded in strips circumferentially. The reinforced concrete slab was 6 × 6 m long, 0.25 m thick, and made of C20/25 concrete resting on an elastic substrate. Calculations were made for two variants taking into consideration two values of subgrade stiffness. The first variant concerned the subgrade stiffness for sprayed polyurethane foam insulation. On the basis of laboratory tests in situ made according to the standard procedure, its average value was assumed as K = 32,000 kN/m3. The second, comparative, computational variant included the subgrade stiffness equal to K = 50,000 kN/m3. A variation approach to the finite difference method was used for static calculations, adopting the condition for the minimum energy of elastic deformation while undergoing bending that was accumulated in the slab resting on a Winkler elastic substrate. Static calculations resulted in obtaining the values of deflections at each point of the discretization grid adopted for the slab. The obtained results have proved the necessity of calculating the floor as a layer element. For the reference substrate with the subgrade stiffness K = 50,000 kN/m3 that was adopted in the work, the value of the bending moment was 17% lower than when taking into account that there was thermal insulation under the floor slab, causing an increase in the deflection of the slab and an increase in its bending moment. If a design does not include the actual subgrade stiffness of the layer under the floor slab, it results in an understatement of the values of the bending moments on the basis of which the slab reinforcement is designed. Adherence of insufficient concrete slab reinforcement may cause subsequent damage to floor slabs.
Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. Numerical Analysis of the Impact of Thermal Spray Insulation Solutions on Floor Loading. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 1016 .
AMA StyleAnna Szymczak-Graczyk. Numerical Analysis of the Impact of Thermal Spray Insulation Solutions on Floor Loading. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (3):1016.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Szymczak-Graczyk. 2020. "Numerical Analysis of the Impact of Thermal Spray Insulation Solutions on Floor Loading." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3: 1016.
Reinforced concrete structures are frequently designed and executed in such facilities as: halls, warehouses, factories, multi-family buildings, single-family buildings, tanks, silos and many others. For this type of structures, it is particularly relevant to provide an appropriate thickness of concrete lagging, which aims at protecting reinforcement against corrosion, and to design it with appropriate spacing allowing the in-between space to be filled with a concrete mix. A frequent problem met while making reinforced concrete structures is such a density of reinforcing bars, particularly within structural nodes, that there is no possibility of filling the space between them with a concrete mix or it is not possible to vibrate the concrete mix in order to prevent segregation of mixture components. Structural nodes are points where special attention should be paid to careful compaction of concrete mixes and application of measures that prevent concrete from adhering to molds. The case study illustrates two structural nodes connecting a column with a bolt, located in a wall with a column-transom structure. During the modernisation works carried out in the production hall there were exposed two structural nodes completely unfilled with a concrete mix and with visible reinforcing bars that showed little buckling and the onset of corrosion. The columns, due to their location in the general static scheme of the wall, were subjected to compression or locally compressed and affected by bending. Particularly unfavourable was the fact that the columns did not feature the concrete lagging in the compression zone of the element. Removal of concrete lagging in the compression zone always results in decrease in the bearing capacity of a structure. It can be concluded that due to faulty workmanship the columns had a lower load bearing capacity than anticipated in the building permit design. The paper provides software-derived guidelines for repairing reinforced concrete columns so as to obtain the value of load bearing capacity equal or higher than expected in the design and on the assumption that repair works would be carried out on columns subjected to loading.
Anna Szymczak-Graczyk; Barbara Ksit; Ireneusz Laks. Operational Problems in Structural Nodes of Reinforced Concrete Constructions. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019, 603, 032096 .
AMA StyleAnna Szymczak-Graczyk, Barbara Ksit, Ireneusz Laks. Operational Problems in Structural Nodes of Reinforced Concrete Constructions. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019; 603 (3):032096.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Szymczak-Graczyk; Barbara Ksit; Ireneusz Laks. 2019. "Operational Problems in Structural Nodes of Reinforced Concrete Constructions." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 603, no. 3: 032096.
The method to calculate rectangular tanks as a system of bi-directionally bent plates with the use of separated plates methodology is a widely known and currently most often used approach to verify numerical calculations obtained from computer software supporting the design process, in which spatial operation of tanks is taken into account. In these calculations, due to their static scheme, it is possible to distinguish supported plates, plates fixed on four edges and plates with one edge free and three fixed. The subject literature contains publications on plates or tanks with walls of a constant thickness, however, there are very few references on plates or tanks with walls of linearly variable thickness. The wall plate of a tank is subject to hydrostatic load or soil pressure and might be exposed to thermal load in the case of, i.e. filling it with hot liquid or during climate action. The article presents the results of static calculations for rectangular plates with a linearly variable thickness, a trapezoidal cross-section, three fixed edges and one edge free, subjected to permanent and thermal loads. Trapezoidal cross-section walls are optimal when used in structures where load distribution is triangular in shape (hydrostatic load). For tanks recessed in the ground, the load on walls increases along with the depth of foundations and obtains the highest value in the bottom part of the wall. Trapezoidal or triangular load distribution causes that the highest values of bending moments in the vertical cross-section occur at the point where a wall connects to the bottom, while the upper free edge of the tank takes zero value. The above statements lead to the conclusion that structural and economic considerations should determine the choice of walls with a thickness increasing along with the tank depth, since it is more economical in terms of material usage. The impact of thermal load is often neglected in the design process, which may cause operational problems and even pose a threat to the safety of use. In addition to the numerical analysis, the article presents the results of model tests for a plate with a linearly variable thickness made of resin, subjected to thermal load. The convergence of the obtained results proves the correctness of calculations and tests performed. This also contributes to the recognition of statics in rectangular plates of a trapezoidal cross-section.
Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. Rectangular Plates of a Trapezoidal Cross-Section Subjected to Thermal Load. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019, 603, 032095 .
AMA StyleAnna Szymczak-Graczyk. Rectangular Plates of a Trapezoidal Cross-Section Subjected to Thermal Load. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019; 603 (3):032095.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Szymczak-Graczyk. 2019. "Rectangular Plates of a Trapezoidal Cross-Section Subjected to Thermal Load." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 603, no. 3: 032095.
Wind action belongs to loads that are environmentally variable. Wind action is included in the basic combination of loads, whereas hurricane wind action is classified as a unique combination. Due to large gusts of wind, the roof coverings of large-scale buildings are exposed to detachment of their cover layer. The article presents the effects of over-normative wind, which occurred on January 19, 2018 and was named the cyclone Frederic/David. The purpose of the article is to show that in design of roof coverings made of large-format materials, such as membranes, it is crucial to accept wind load values properly in order to ensure a right spacing between fasteners. The presented results might be an important contribution to the debate on the necessity for increasing the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity in the perimeter and corner zones of large-format roofs.
Barbara Ksit; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. Rare Weather Phenomena and the Work of Large-Format Roof Coverings. Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 2019, 29, 123 -133.
AMA StyleBarbara Ksit, Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. Rare Weather Phenomena and the Work of Large-Format Roof Coverings. Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports. 2019; 29 (3):123-133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarbara Ksit; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. 2019. "Rare Weather Phenomena and the Work of Large-Format Roof Coverings." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 29, no. 3: 123-133.
Dampness in basement walls caused by capillary rise of water from the ground, as well as possible resulting damage, is very unfavourable phenomenon. This problem mainly concerns historical buildings and other structures erected before 1920, and the destruction is caused by lack, damage or technical wear of insulation. However, it can also arise in relatively new buildings where insulation was made incorrectly (or was not made at all). Creating a barrier that interrupts the capillary rise of moisture in the existing wall, i.e. secondary horizontal hydro-insulation is perceived as one of the most difficult, from a technical point of view, tasks in the field of building protection against water and dampness. The so-called mechanical methods are seen as the safest. Assuming that the works will be flawlessly planned and executed, a durable layer, impermeable to water and thus completely inhibiting the capillary transport of moisture, is formed in the cross-section of the wall – in many cases resulting in highly efficient isolation as "in a new building" 1[1]. However, due to practical limitations, mechanical methods are used much less frequently than injection schemes. By injection, injection technology or chemical injection is meant the introduction of injection fluid into the masonry, with the following three distinguishable ways of applying an injection agent: penetration, pressure and pulse in the form of an aerosol. The technology must ensure equal distribution of an injection agent within the entire wall cross-section, and its principle of operation is to create a continuous layer interrupting capillary rising to obtain (after some time) an area with regular dump in the masonry zone above the membrane. Injection methods, although widely used, are associated with a greater risk of partial or complete failure. The universality of application combined with the risk of failure has encouraged the search for a parameter to assess the effectiveness of secondary horizontal insulation. A suitable parameter is the AQ coefficient (from German - Abdichtungs Qualität) based on the capillary water absorption coefficient, proposed by Venzmer et al3. The article presents research results on the effectiveness of chemical injections performed in reference walls made of ceramic bricks. The membrane was made using three different injection agents: formulation based on silicates (mixture of silicates and alkaline methyl silicates), silicon micro-emulsion and silane-based injection cream. In the injection zone, the drill cores were taken to perform capillary water absorption coefficient measurements. In order to obtain reference samples, additional drills were made above the impregnation zone protected with the injection agent. Both the measurements made and the calculated AQ coefficients proved the effectiveness of the abovementioned injection agents.
Bartlomiej Monczynski; Barbara Ksit; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. Assessment of The Effectiveness of Secondary Horizontal Insulation Against Rising Damp Performed by Chemical Injection. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019, 471, 052063 .
AMA StyleBartlomiej Monczynski, Barbara Ksit, Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. Assessment of The Effectiveness of Secondary Horizontal Insulation Against Rising Damp Performed by Chemical Injection. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019; 471 (5):052063.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBartlomiej Monczynski; Barbara Ksit; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. 2019. "Assessment of The Effectiveness of Secondary Horizontal Insulation Against Rising Damp Performed by Chemical Injection." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 471, no. 5: 052063.
The 2000 Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the 2007 Floods Directive (FD) have forced the member states of EU to introduce specific regulations and rules related to the development of flood plains. An important assumption of the introduced regulations is the gradual postponement of buildings from areas endangered by flooding. This is a rational approach from the point of view of minimizing the risks associated with flooding. However, many cities are located on rivers. The growth of these cities is not possible or would be very limited without the possibility of developing areas very close to the river. Therefore, a conflict of interest arises between local self-government authorities, entrepreneurs, private persons and institutions responsible for flood protection and water management. The first group see urban areas in the vicinity of the river as economically attractive and the latter as the potential increase in the risk of flooding. The main purpose of the work is to present the scope of hydraulic analyses supporting the decision-making process on the development of flood plains. In the conducted research, a case study was used for the city of Kalisz located in central Poland on the Prosna River. It is being planned to build a housing estate in Kalisz within areas threatened by flooding. Although, inevitably, Kalisz has its residential, administrative and industrial buildings located very close to the Prosna River, the city's system of flood protection is unsatisfactory, mainly due to the lack of funds. The local water management board is very reluctant to refer to projects related to the development of areas in the vicinity of watercourses, which, in its opinion, will further increase the risk of flooding. The paper shows that carrying out detailed hydraulic, design and construction analyses significantly supports the legal process of issuing permits for the development of areas threatened by floods.
Ireneusz Laks; Zbigniew Walczak; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk; Barbara Ksit; Jacek Madrawski. Hydraulic and Legal Conditions for Buildings in Floodplains-Case Study of Kalisz City (Poland). IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019, 471, 102050 .
AMA StyleIreneusz Laks, Zbigniew Walczak, Anna Szymczak-Graczyk, Barbara Ksit, Jacek Madrawski. Hydraulic and Legal Conditions for Buildings in Floodplains-Case Study of Kalisz City (Poland). IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019; 471 (10):102050.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIreneusz Laks; Zbigniew Walczak; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk; Barbara Ksit; Jacek Madrawski. 2019. "Hydraulic and Legal Conditions for Buildings in Floodplains-Case Study of Kalisz City (Poland)." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 471, no. 10: 102050.
The article presents the results of validation of static calculations carried out for a monolithic rectangular tank with walls of trapezoidal cross-section. Static calculations were made with the use of software based on the finite element method (FEM) and the finite difference method (FDM) in terms of energy (including spatial static work of the tank). Validation of the results was conducted on a concrete tank model using an innovative measurement tool, i.e. a coordinate measuring arm with a touch probe.
W. Buczkowski; A. Szymczak-Graczyk; Z. Walczak. Experimental validation of numerical static calculations for a monolithic rectangular tank with walls of trapezoidal cross-section. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 2017, 65, 799 -804.
AMA StyleW. Buczkowski, A. Szymczak-Graczyk, Z. Walczak. Experimental validation of numerical static calculations for a monolithic rectangular tank with walls of trapezoidal cross-section. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences. 2017; 65 (6):799-804.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW. Buczkowski; A. Szymczak-Graczyk; Z. Walczak. 2017. "Experimental validation of numerical static calculations for a monolithic rectangular tank with walls of trapezoidal cross-section." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 65, no. 6: 799-804.
Natalia Walczak; Mateusz Hämmerling; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. AGRICULTURAL USE OF FLOODPLAINS ABOVE JEZIORSKO RESERVOIR. Inżynieria Ekologiczna 2017, 18, 225 -233.
AMA StyleNatalia Walczak, Mateusz Hämmerling, Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. AGRICULTURAL USE OF FLOODPLAINS ABOVE JEZIORSKO RESERVOIR. Inżynieria Ekologiczna. 2017; 18 (4):225-233.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNatalia Walczak; Mateusz Hämmerling; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. 2017. "AGRICULTURAL USE OF FLOODPLAINS ABOVE JEZIORSKO RESERVOIR." Inżynieria Ekologiczna 18, no. 4: 225-233.
Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. Błędy montażowe stalowego podciągu stropowego wraz z propozycją naprawy. MATERIAŁY BUDOWLANE 2016, 1, 82 -83.
AMA StyleAnna Szymczak-Graczyk. Błędy montażowe stalowego podciągu stropowego wraz z propozycją naprawy. MATERIAŁY BUDOWLANE. 2016; 1 (11):82-83.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Szymczak-Graczyk. 2016. "Błędy montażowe stalowego podciągu stropowego wraz z propozycją naprawy." MATERIAŁY BUDOWLANE 1, no. 11: 82-83.
Purpose. The development of a wide construction market and a desire to design innovative architectural building constructions has resulted in the need to create complex numerical models of objects having increasingly higher computational complexity. The purpose of this work is to show that choosing a proper method for solving the set of equations can improve the calculation time (reduce the complexity) by a few levels of magnitude. Methodology. The article presents an analysis of the impact of matrix inversion algorithm on the deflection calculation in the beam, using the finite element method (FEM). Based on the literature analysis, common methods of calculating set of equations were determined. From the found solutions the Gaussian elimination, LU and Cholesky decomposition methods have been implemented to determine the effect of the matrix inversion algorithm used for solving the equations set on the number of computational operations performed. In addition, each of the implemented method has been further optimized thereby reducing the number of necessary arithmetic operations. Findings. These optimizations have been performed on the use of certain properties of the matrix, such as symmetry or significant number of zero elements in the matrix. The results of the analysis are presented for the division of the beam to 5, 50, 100 and 200 nodes, for which the deflection has been calculated. Originality. The main achievement of this work is that it shows the impact of the used methodology on the complexity of solving the problem (or equivalently, time needed to obtain results). Practical value. The difference between the best (the less complex) and the worst (the most complex) is in the row of few orders of magnitude. This result shows that choosing wrong methodology may enlarge time needed to perform calculation significantly.
M. Sybis; A. Smoczkiewicz-Wojciechowska; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. IMPACT OF MATRIX INVERSION ON THE COMPLEXITY OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport 2016, 190 -199.
AMA StyleM. Sybis, A. Smoczkiewicz-Wojciechowska, Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. IMPACT OF MATRIX INVERSION ON THE COMPLEXITY OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport. 2016; (2(62)):190-199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Sybis; A. Smoczkiewicz-Wojciechowska; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. 2016. "IMPACT OF MATRIX INVERSION ON THE COMPLEXITY OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport , no. 2(62): 190-199.
Hanna Szymczak; Grzegorz Kmiecik; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY-SAVING SOLUTIONS IMPLEMENTED IN MIDIUM-SIZED SHOPPING CENTRE. Inżynieria Ekologiczna 2016, 154 -160.
AMA StyleHanna Szymczak, Grzegorz Kmiecik, Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY-SAVING SOLUTIONS IMPLEMENTED IN MIDIUM-SIZED SHOPPING CENTRE. Inżynieria Ekologiczna. 2016; (46):154-160.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanna Szymczak; Grzegorz Kmiecik; Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. 2016. "THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY-SAVING SOLUTIONS IMPLEMENTED IN MIDIUM-SIZED SHOPPING CENTRE." Inżynieria Ekologiczna , no. 46: 154-160.
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Anna Szymczak-Graczyk. Zmiana sposobu użytkowania i renowacja żelbetowego osadnika popłuczyn. MATERIAŁY BUDOWLANE 2015, 1, 88 -89.
AMA StyleAnna Szymczak-Graczyk. Zmiana sposobu użytkowania i renowacja żelbetowego osadnika popłuczyn. MATERIAŁY BUDOWLANE. 2015; 1 (9):88-89.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Szymczak-Graczyk. 2015. "Zmiana sposobu użytkowania i renowacja żelbetowego osadnika popłuczyn." MATERIAŁY BUDOWLANE 1, no. 9: 88-89.