β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complex containing geranyl acetone as a guest was prepared by saturated water solution method. Furthermore, the structure and properties of the inclusion complex were studied. The formation of the inclusion complex was demonstrated by. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermodynamic analysis of the inclusion complex showed that the inclusion reaction is an endothermic spontaneous reaction. The average of △H, △S and △G is 11.66 kJ mol⁻¹, 0.082 kJ mol⁻¹ and − 14.49 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. Moreover, the kinetic analysis of thermal decomposition of the inclusion compound showed that the thermal decomposition reaction is a first-order reaction (the inclusion ratio is 1:1), the average activation energy of the reaction is 180.90 kJ mol⁻¹, and the binding force in the inclusion compound is mainly Van der Waals force. The flavor test of cigarettes showed that the inclusion compound improved the stability of geranyl acetone and the sensory quality of cigarettes. This study improves the solubility and thermal stability of geranyl acetone, and provides theoretical support and technical guidance for expanding the application of geranyl acetone.

Cadmium (Cd) removal from soil to reduce Cd accumulation in plants is essential for agroecology, food safety, and human health. Cd enters plants from soil and affects plant growth and development. Hydrogels can easily combine with Cd, thereby altering its bioavailability in soil. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of hydrogel on the complex phytotoxicity caused by Cd uptake in plants and the microbial community structure. Herein, a new poly (acrylic acid)-grafted starch and potassium humate composite (S/K/AA) hydrogel was added to soil to evaluate its impact on tobacco growth and the soil microenvironment. The results indicate that the addition of S/K/AA hydrogel can significantly improve the biomass, chlorophyll (Chl) content, and photosynthetic capacity of tobacco plants during Cd stress conditions, and decrease Cd concentration, probably by affecting Cd absorption through the expression of Cd absorption transporters (e.g., NRAMP5, NRAMP3, and IRT1). Moreover, the application of S/K/AA hydrogel not only reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but also reduced the antioxidant activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), suggesting that S/K/AA hydrogel alleviates Cd toxicity via a non-antioxidant pathway. Notably, we further analyzed the effectiveness of the hydrogel on microbial communities in Cd-contaminated soil and found that it increased the Cd-tolerant microbial community (Arthrobacter, Massilia, Streptomyces), enhancing the remediation ability of Cd-contaminated soil and helping tobacco plants to alleviate Cd toxicity. Overall, our study provides primary insights into how S/K/AA hydrogel affects Cd bioavailability and alleviates Cd toxicity in plants.