Brettanomyces bruxellensis is regarded as the main spoilage microorganism in the wine industry, owing to its production of off-flavours. It is difficult to eradicate owing to its high tolerance of adverse environmental conditions, such as low nutrient availability, low pH, and high levels of ethanol and SO₂. In this study, the production of volatile phenols and the growth kinetics of isolates from various regions of Chile were evaluated under stressful conditions. Through randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, 15 strains were identified. These were grown in the presence of p-coumaric acid, a natural antimicrobial and the main precursor of off-flavours, and molecular sulfur dioxide (mSO₂), an antimicrobial synthetic used in the wine industry. When both compounds were used simultaneously, there were clear signs of an improvement in the fitness of most of the isolates, which showed an antagonistic interaction in which p-coumaric acid mitigates the effects of SO₂. Fourteen strains were able to produce 4-vinylphenol, which showed signs of phenylacrylic acid decarboxylase activity, and most of them produced 4-ethylphenol as a result of active vinylphenol reductase. These results demonstrate for the first time the serious implications of using p-coumaric acid, not only for the production of off-flavours, but also for its protective action against the toxic effects of SO₂.

Dekkera bruxellensis is already known for its great biotechnological potential, part of this due to the ability to assimilate nitrate during fermentation. Despite the previous works on nitrogen metabolism in this yeast, especially regarding nitrate assimilation, the relation between this metabolism and the TOR (Target of Rapamycin) regulatory mechanism remains unexplored. This connection may reveal key regulatory mechanisms to maximize its fermentative performance and biotechnological use. Herein, we evaluated the physiological, metabolic, and gene expression profile of D. bruxellensis GDB 248 cultivated in ammonium and nitrate as nitrogen sources in the presence of TOR complex 1 (TORC1) inhibitor rapamycin. Our results showed that inhibition of the TORC1 significantly reduces cell growth and fermentative capacity, especially in nitrate media. Gene expression analysis revealed that TORC1 plays a central role in regulating genes involved in nitrate assimilation and the adaptive performance of D. bruxellensis in fermentative environments. Therefore, the regulation of nitrate assimilatory genes YNTI, YNRI, and YNI1 responds to a nitrate-dependent mechanism as well as to a TOR-dependent mechanism. These findings expand the understanding of the regulation of nitrogen metabolism in D. bruxellensis, providing valuable information that may aid in the development of future strategies for its use as an industrial yeast.

Dekkera bruxellensis is already known for its great biotechnological potential, part of this due to the ability to assimilate nitrate during fermentation. Despite the previous works on nitrogen metabolism in this yeast, especially regarding nitrate assimilation, the relation between this metabolism and the TOR (Target of Rapamycin) regulatory mechanism remains unexplored. This connection may reveal key regulatory mechanisms to maximize its fermentative performance and biotechnological use. Herein, we evaluated the physiological, metabolic, and gene expression profile of D. bruxellensis cultivated in ammonium and nitrate as nitrogen sources in the presence of TOR complex 1 (TORC1) inhibitor rapamycin. Our results showed that inhibition of the TORC1 significantly reduces cell growth and fermentative capacity, especially in nitrate media. Gene expression analysis revealed that TORC1 plays a central role in regulating genes involved in nitrate assimilation and the adaptive performance of D. bruxellensis in fermentative environments. Therefore, the regulation of nitrate assimilatory genes YNTI, YNRI, and YNI1 responds to a nitrate-dependent mechanism as well as to a TOR-dependent mechanism. These findings expand the understanding of the regulation of nitrogen metabolism in D. bruxellensis, providing valuable information that may aid in the development of future strategies for its use as an industrial yeast.