Numerous reports have shown that conjugated benzimidazole derivatives possess various kinds of biological activities, including anticancer properties. In this report, we designed and synthesized 24 new molecules comprising a benzimidazole ring, arene, and alkyl chain-bearing cyclic moieties. The results showed that the N-substituted benzimidazole derivatives bearing an alkyl chain and a nitrogen-containing 5- or 6-membered ring enhanced the cytotoxic effects on human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and human ovarian carcinoma (OVCAR-3) cell lines. Among the 24 synthesized compounds, (2E)-1-(1-(3-morpholinopropyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2 -yl)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-one) (23a) reduced the proliferation of MCF-7 and OVCAR-3 cell lines demonstrating superior outcomes to those of cisplatin.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies and deadliest cancers in the world. Currently, sorafenib is the only drug that has been approved by the U.S. FDA for patients with advanced HCC. However, its improvement on patient outcomes is modest, and the median survival time is only prolonged 2–3 months. In addition, the application of sorafenib is limited because of its high cost and severe adverse side-effects. Therefore, developing more effective novel agents and reducing the dosage of sorafenib are urgently needed for HCC therapy. Here, a novel benzimidazole derivative (4a) bearing a pyrolidine side chain (9a) was synthesized. The treatments of compounds 4a, 9a and sorafenib either alone or in combination on the inhibition of liver cancer cells proliferation were measured using alamarBlue cell viability and trypan blue staining assay. Intracellular signaling pathway activities were assessed by Western blot, Q-PCR and IHC staining. The HuH7 xenograft model was used to examine antitumor activity in vivo. Adverse effects (e.g., changes in body weight, serum parameters, liver function and pathology) of mice treated with 9a were also evaluated. Compound 9a significantly inhibited HCC cell proliferation compared with 4a. In addition, 9a strongly synergized with a low dose of sorafenib in suppressing HCC cell proliferation. Regarding the activities of the signaling pathways, sorafenib did not suppress AKT signaling; however, 9a inhibited AKT and its downstream phosphorylation of p70S6K. In addition, treatment with either 9a alone or in combination with sorafenib led to the inhibition of JNK phosphorylation. However, there were no effects on the inhibition of apoptosis. The in vivo HuH7 xenograft model showed that the administration of 9a plus a low dose of sorafenib significantly decreased expression of the HCC markers α-fetoprotein, glypican-3 and survivin as well as suppressed tumor growth. Finally, there were no adverse effects in mice treated with 9a. In conclusion, co-treatment with a novel benzimidazole derivative bearing a pyrolidine side chain in combination with a low dose of sorafenib exerted significant antitumor activity in preclinical HCC models, which potentially suggests its use as a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with HCC.

In this research, we designed and synthesized a new series of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) derivatives for multidrug resistance (MDR) research. A methylsulfonyl NDGA derivative, ((2R,3S)-2,3-dimethylbutane-1,4-diyl)bis(benzene-4,1,2-triyl) tetramethanesulfonate (5d), was found to inhibit MDR1 gene expression and suppress drug resistant MES-SA/Dx5 cells. Moreover, the combination of 5d and doxorubicin/terameprocol (M₄N) showed a profound synergistic effect on inhibition of drug resistant cancer cells, suggesting that 5d is a potential adjuvant applied with doxorubicin or terameprocol in cancer treatment.

A sustainable and time economic approach has been developed for the synthesis of polysubstituted pyrroles using copper iodide as a catalyst. The reaction proceeded through imine formation followed by cyclization with alkyne-Cu intermediate, which was supported by control experiments studies. The newly formed substituted pyrroles were obtained in excellent yields with high regioselectivity under mild conditions.