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James A Sullivan
School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, Ireland

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Journal article
Published: 08 August 2021 in Journal of Catalysis
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The incorporation of TiO2 (at two different loadings) with plasmonic RuO2 nanoparticles (with an average size of (3 ± 0.7) nm) to form nanocomposites is studied. XRD results show that RuO2 is formed in the rutile phase, while high levels of TiO2 forms the rutile phase and lower levels form the anatase phase. XRD also confirms doping of TiO2 with Ru atoms and vice versa (doping of RuO2 with Ti atoms) in the nanocomposites. The effect of TiO2 incorporation on the reactivity of RuO2 in the artificial photosynthesis reaction under visible light (which TiO2 cannot absorb) is dramatic. The activities of the catalysts (once TiO2 is included in the composite) significantly increase, and the selectivity of the reactions change with the formation of CH4 and adsorbed hydrocarbonaceous species found alongside the CO + O2 formed over pure RuO2 catalysts. This is ascribed to the generation of a heterojunction interface in the composite material. Following the absorption of visible light, hot electrons (derived from the RuO2 plasmon) become sufficiently energetic to be transferred to the TiO2 CB. From this level the electrons can generate nascent hydrogen which subsequently reacts with (and reduces) adsorbed CO2 molecules.

ACS Style

Eduardo Morais; Colin O'Modhrain; K. Ravindranathan Thampi; James A Sullivan. RuO2/TiO2 photocatalysts prepared via a hydrothermal route: Influence of the presence of TiO2 on the reactivity of RuO2 in the artificial photosynthesis reaction. Journal of Catalysis 2021, 401, 288 -296.

AMA Style

Eduardo Morais, Colin O'Modhrain, K. Ravindranathan Thampi, James A Sullivan. RuO2/TiO2 photocatalysts prepared via a hydrothermal route: Influence of the presence of TiO2 on the reactivity of RuO2 in the artificial photosynthesis reaction. Journal of Catalysis. 2021; 401 ():288-296.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo Morais; Colin O'Modhrain; K. Ravindranathan Thampi; James A Sullivan. 2021. "RuO2/TiO2 photocatalysts prepared via a hydrothermal route: Influence of the presence of TiO2 on the reactivity of RuO2 in the artificial photosynthesis reaction." Journal of Catalysis 401, no. : 288-296.

Full paper
Published: 06 October 2020 in Chemistry – A European Journal
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Spherical ruthenium nanoparticles (NPs) with a narrow size distribution were synthesised in ethanol by a facile low temperature solvothermal process without the assistance of templates, structure‐directing agents or post annealing/reduction treatments. Surface passivation with a fluorescent perylene dye (EP), and with silane ligands (ETMS), both initially bearing alkyne groups and subsequently forming vinylidene linkages, provided stable suspensions of the marginally‐soluble free EP. Quantitative analysis of the suspension gave an estimated EP surface coverage of 15%, corresponding to an EP:ETMS mole ratio of ~ 1:6. Photophysical evaluation of the bound and free dye revealed similar absorption bands and extinction coefficients and improved properties for the bound state including; enhanced fluorescence in the visible range for the bound dye; an extended absorption range into the near‐UV providing strong emission in the visible, and significantly improved photostability. The physical basis of the enhanced photophysical properties, potential routes to further improvements and the implications for applications are discussed

ACS Style

Eduardo Morais; Cara Moloney; Colin O'modhrain; Eoin McKiernan; Dermot F. Brougham; James Anthony Sullivan. Enhanced Stability and Emission Properties of Perylene Dyes by Surface Tethering: Preparation of Fluorescent Ru Nanoparticle Suspensions by Alkyne Linker Chemistry. Chemistry – A European Journal 2020, 27, 1023 -1030.

AMA Style

Eduardo Morais, Cara Moloney, Colin O'modhrain, Eoin McKiernan, Dermot F. Brougham, James Anthony Sullivan. Enhanced Stability and Emission Properties of Perylene Dyes by Surface Tethering: Preparation of Fluorescent Ru Nanoparticle Suspensions by Alkyne Linker Chemistry. Chemistry – A European Journal. 2020; 27 (3):1023-1030.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo Morais; Cara Moloney; Colin O'modhrain; Eoin McKiernan; Dermot F. Brougham; James Anthony Sullivan. 2020. "Enhanced Stability and Emission Properties of Perylene Dyes by Surface Tethering: Preparation of Fluorescent Ru Nanoparticle Suspensions by Alkyne Linker Chemistry." Chemistry – A European Journal 27, no. 3: 1023-1030.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2020 in Sustainable Chemistry
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Two catalysts are prepared by tethering ionic liquid cation components (1-(propyl-3-sulfonate)-3-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) imidazolium) with either chloride or sulphate anions, to the surface of a mesoporous SiO2 material through a condensation reaction. These are characterized using elemental analysis, TGA-MS, FTIR (and D-FTIR), TEM, physisorption and NH3 adsorption (TPD and FTIR), and applied in the valeric acid + pentanol esterification reaction to form the sustainable biodiesel Pentyl Valerate. The material containing the sulfate counter-ion was significantly more active than the chloride analogue.

ACS Style

Lisa Mullins; James A. Sullivan. SBA-15 Modified with Tethered Ionic Liquids Applied in the Esterification of Valeric Acid with Pentanol—Towards Cellulosic Biofuels. Sustainable Chemistry 2020, 1, 138 -153.

AMA Style

Lisa Mullins, James A. Sullivan. SBA-15 Modified with Tethered Ionic Liquids Applied in the Esterification of Valeric Acid with Pentanol—Towards Cellulosic Biofuels. Sustainable Chemistry. 2020; 1 (2):138-153.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Mullins; James A. Sullivan. 2020. "SBA-15 Modified with Tethered Ionic Liquids Applied in the Esterification of Valeric Acid with Pentanol—Towards Cellulosic Biofuels." Sustainable Chemistry 1, no. 2: 138-153.

Article
Published: 03 July 2020 in Catalysis Letters
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The synthesis, characterisation, modification (with n-propyl amine groups) of Bi2WO6 particles and the scope for their application in artificial photosynthesis reactions is described. The synthesis involves microwave activation of spherical Bi2O3 precursors followed by a hydrothermal treatment in the presence of Na2WO4. These are characterised using electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), BET, XRD, FTIR, FT-Raman and UV–Visible spectroscopies and CO2 TPD. Subsequently this material is modified through the condensation of propyl amine groups to surface hydroxyl groups, and the composites prepared are characterised using FTIR and D-FTIR following exposure to CO2. Both the spherical particles and the amine-modified analogues are applied in the artificial photosynthesis reaction under batch conditions. O2, CO and CH4 are the observed gaseous products during the reaction and there is FTIR evidence for the formation of adsorbed alcohols and carbonylated products. Although the modification with amine groups decreased the overall photocatalytic reactivity, it also altered the product selectivity with respect to the CH4/CO ratio. The catalyst tends to improve the oxygen production ability after about 20 h of operation, with a decline in CH4 and CO production, indicating that other condensates are probably generated. This opens up new possibilities and scope for this catalyst and further research is required to understand the observations.

ACS Style

Eduardo Morais; Kristy Stanley; K. Ravindranathan Thampi; James A. Sullivan. Scope for Spherical Bi2WO6 Quazi-Perovskites in the Artificial Photosynthesis Reaction—The Effects of Surface Modification with Amine Groups. Catalysis Letters 2020, 151, 293 -305.

AMA Style

Eduardo Morais, Kristy Stanley, K. Ravindranathan Thampi, James A. Sullivan. Scope for Spherical Bi2WO6 Quazi-Perovskites in the Artificial Photosynthesis Reaction—The Effects of Surface Modification with Amine Groups. Catalysis Letters. 2020; 151 (1):293-305.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo Morais; Kristy Stanley; K. Ravindranathan Thampi; James A. Sullivan. 2020. "Scope for Spherical Bi2WO6 Quazi-Perovskites in the Artificial Photosynthesis Reaction—The Effects of Surface Modification with Amine Groups." Catalysis Letters 151, no. 1: 293-305.

Full paper
Published: 11 March 2020 in ChemistrySelect
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The synthesis, characterisation and application of RuO2 nanoparticles through a facile hydrothermal preparation technique is described. The prepared solid is extensively characterised and shown to have a narrow size distribution (1.6–3.2 nm) and exhibit an intense surface plasmon resonance giving rise to an absorption band peaking at λ=424 nm. This material is applied in gas‐phase artificial photosynthesis reactions, and interestingly, the only products observed are CO and O2 (at a constant 2 : 1 ratio). Even though this RuO2 catalyst is unable to perform the water‐splitting step of the artificial photosynthesis reaction, it is active in the CO2 photo‐decomposition reaction (ΔG(298.15 K)=64.41 Kcal mol−1), and thus it may be a convenient catalyst for downstream production of methanol or hydrocarbons from a CO2 feedstock.

ACS Style

Eduardo Morais; K. Ravindranathan Thampi; James A. Sullivan. Photo‐Dissociation of CO 2 over Plasmonic RuO 2 Nanoparticles. ChemistrySelect 2020, 5, 3069 -3074.

AMA Style

Eduardo Morais, K. Ravindranathan Thampi, James A. Sullivan. Photo‐Dissociation of CO 2 over Plasmonic RuO 2 Nanoparticles. ChemistrySelect. 2020; 5 (10):3069-3074.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo Morais; K. Ravindranathan Thampi; James A. Sullivan. 2020. "Photo‐Dissociation of CO 2 over Plasmonic RuO 2 Nanoparticles." ChemistrySelect 5, no. 10: 3069-3074.

Original paper
Published: 25 February 2020 in Topics in Catalysis
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The preparation, characterisation and application of two catalysts active in selective hydrogenation (Pt/TiO2) and esterification (mesoporous SiO2 material modified with tethered sulfonic acid groups) reactions is described. The catalysts are characterised using a range of spectroscopic, microscopic and adsorption techniques. Pt/TiO2 catalysts promote valeric acid (a cellulose derived platform molecule) hydrogenation to pentanol, while –SO3H modified mesoporous SiO2 catalysts convert valeric acid/pentanol mixtures to pentyl valerate (a 10-C molecule which can be used as a diesel fuel substitute). Admixtures of the two catalysts catalyse the tandem conversion of valeric acid/hydrogen mixtures to form pentyl valerate in a single reaction. A rationale for the observed reactivity, selectivity and carbon balance is proposed.

ACS Style

Lisa Mullins; James A. Sullivan. Synthesis of a Sustainable Cellulose-Derived Biofuel Through a 1-Pot, 2-Catalyst Tandem Reaction. Topics in Catalysis 2020, 63, 1434 -1445.

AMA Style

Lisa Mullins, James A. Sullivan. Synthesis of a Sustainable Cellulose-Derived Biofuel Through a 1-Pot, 2-Catalyst Tandem Reaction. Topics in Catalysis. 2020; 63 (15-18):1434-1445.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Mullins; James A. Sullivan. 2020. "Synthesis of a Sustainable Cellulose-Derived Biofuel Through a 1-Pot, 2-Catalyst Tandem Reaction." Topics in Catalysis 63, no. 15-18: 1434-1445.

Research article
Published: 30 December 2019 in ACS Omega
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Two Ti-SBA-15 catalysts are synthesized using techniques that should either deposit Ti atoms specifically at the SBA-15 surface or allow Ti-containing species to exist at both the surface and within the bulk of SBA-15. The materials have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman and UV visible spectroscopies, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry microscopies, and N2 physisorption experiments. They have been applied in the total oxidation of phenol under catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) conditions and using photo- and plasma promotion. The materials retain the structure of SBA-15 following the doping in both cases and Ti incorporation is confirmed. The nature of the incorporated Ti remains unclear-with evidence for anatase TiO2 (from Raman and UV vis analysis) and evidence for atomically dispersed Ti from FTIR. In terms of reactivity, the presence of Ti in the in situ-prepared catalyst improves reactivity in the photopromoted reaction (increasing conversion from 28 to 60%), while both Ti catalysts improve reactivity in the CWAO reaction (by 7% over the in situ catalyst and by 25% over the grafted material). The presence of Ti has no beneficial effect on conversion in the plasma-promoted reaction. Here, however, Ti does affect the nature of the oxidized intermediates formed during the total phenol oxidation.

ACS Style

Ghadeer Almohammadi; Colin O’Modhrain; Sean Kelly; James A. Sullivan. Ti-Doped SBA-15 Catalysts Used in Phenol Oxidation Reactions. ACS Omega 2019, 5, 791 -798.

AMA Style

Ghadeer Almohammadi, Colin O’Modhrain, Sean Kelly, James A. Sullivan. Ti-Doped SBA-15 Catalysts Used in Phenol Oxidation Reactions. ACS Omega. 2019; 5 (1):791-798.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ghadeer Almohammadi; Colin O’Modhrain; Sean Kelly; James A. Sullivan. 2019. "Ti-Doped SBA-15 Catalysts Used in Phenol Oxidation Reactions." ACS Omega 5, no. 1: 791-798.

Full paper
Published: 03 July 2019 in ChemSusChem
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In this work a spark‐like plasma discharge is ignited in pure CO2 and in CO2/H2 mixtures to investigate CO formation. Power pulsing is used to limit arc formation to sustain a high current transient ’spark‐like’ plasma consisting of a mixed mode discharge comprising an initial current pulse (’spark’) followed by a longer‐lived glow mode thorough each half cycle of the applied voltage. In pure CO2 efficiency ranged between 20‐50% for CO2 conversions between 9‐18% for gas residence times of 100‐600 ms. Adding H2 as a co‐reactant was investigated for a wide range of mixture ratios. The outlet gas was found to produce O2 free mixtures of CO:H2:CO2. Conversion rates in CO2:H2 mixtures are found to be similar to pure CO2 at equivalent residence times. The primary role of H2 as a co‐reactant is therefore found to be the removal of O2 formed during dissociation of CO2. The energy cost of this dilution resulted in reduced efficiency for CO2 conversion (from 41 to 18%) correlating to the efficiency drop found for pure CO2 conversion at lower flows. Opportunities for optimising this small volume ’unit‐cell’ spark reactor are encouraged by the results presented. This approach could enable deployment of serial or parallel combinations of such reactors capable of dealing cost‐effectively with conversion of the larger CO2 & CO2/H2 volumes required in future industry application.

ACS Style

Sean Kelly; James Anthony Sullivan. CO 2 Decomposition in CO 2 and CO 2 /H 2 Spark‐like Plasma Discharges at Atmospheric Pressure. ChemSusChem 2019, 12, 3785 -3791.

AMA Style

Sean Kelly, James Anthony Sullivan. CO 2 Decomposition in CO 2 and CO 2 /H 2 Spark‐like Plasma Discharges at Atmospheric Pressure. ChemSusChem. 2019; 12 (16):3785-3791.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sean Kelly; James Anthony Sullivan. 2019. "CO 2 Decomposition in CO 2 and CO 2 /H 2 Spark‐like Plasma Discharges at Atmospheric Pressure." ChemSusChem 12, no. 16: 3785-3791.

Research article
Published: 30 April 2019 in International Journal of Photoenergy
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Ruthenium metal nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution have been synthesised via a solvothermal method. The solids were characterised using a range of analytical techniques (XRD, TEM, TPD, and XPS) and tested in the CO2+H2O reaction under simulated solar radiation, showing photocatalytic activity towards the production of CH4 and CO. The photocatalysis was promoted through a plasmonic excitation of the Ru. The addition of Ti to the preparation resulted in the formation of anatase TiO2. Notwithstanding the fact that the energy of the light used during the photocatalysis was insufficient to excite TiO2, its presence affects the catalysts’ optical and chemical properties and the product (CH4/CO) ratios, favouring the evolution of CO over that of CH4 (suggesting exciton transfer to TiO2 from plasmonically excited Ru).

ACS Style

Eduardo Morais; Colin O’Modhrain; K. Ravindranathan Thampi; James A. Sullivan; Ravindranathan Thampi. Visible Light-Driven Gas-Phase Artificial Photosynthesis Reactions over Ruthenium Metal Nanoparticles Modified with Anatase TiO2. International Journal of Photoenergy 2019, 2019, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Eduardo Morais, Colin O’Modhrain, K. Ravindranathan Thampi, James A. Sullivan, Ravindranathan Thampi. Visible Light-Driven Gas-Phase Artificial Photosynthesis Reactions over Ruthenium Metal Nanoparticles Modified with Anatase TiO2. International Journal of Photoenergy. 2019; 2019 ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo Morais; Colin O’Modhrain; K. Ravindranathan Thampi; James A. Sullivan; Ravindranathan Thampi. 2019. "Visible Light-Driven Gas-Phase Artificial Photosynthesis Reactions over Ruthenium Metal Nanoparticles Modified with Anatase TiO2." International Journal of Photoenergy 2019, no. : 1-10.

Original paper
Published: 13 November 2018 in physica status solidi (a)
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Photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis are highly promising for applications in the energy and environment sectors. Several photocatalytic devices based on TiO2 nanotubes grown on two‐dimensional (2D) substrate (such as titanium foil) have been developed, but there has been little research on three‐dimensional (3D) TiO2 nanotubes which are expected to offer significantly enlarged surface area and much improved photocatalytic efficiency. Here, a method of building 3D TiO2 nanotube arrays (3D‐TNTAs) on titanium mesh by anodization via controlling the reaction time and electrolyte is reported. It is found that the electrochemically active area of such a titanium mesh is almost 4 times larger than that of the traditional titanium foil. Moreover, through making composites of graphene oxide and ZnxCdyS onto 3D TiO2 nanotubes, hierarchical nanotube arrays (ZnxCdyS/GO/3D‐TNTAs) are made by calcination‐deposition of graphene oxide followed by a facile successive ionic layer adsorption reaction (SILAR) treatment with ZnxCdyS. Characterization of the ZnxCdyS/GO/3D‐TNTAs indicates that this hierarchical multi‐layered nanostructure has a much improved photoelectrochemical property due to the enlarged surface area and improved electron–hole separation capability, demonstrating the great potential for applications in photoelectrocatalytic devices for environmental technologies.

ACS Style

Ruiyu Bao; Junfeng Geng; James A. Sullivan; Jianxin Xia; Wenzhong Wang; Wai-Yeung Wong; Hua Li. Hierarchical 3D TiO2 Nanotube Arrays Sensitized by Graphene Oxide and Znx Cdy S for High Performance Photoelectrochemical Applications. physica status solidi (a) 2018, 215, 1 .

AMA Style

Ruiyu Bao, Junfeng Geng, James A. Sullivan, Jianxin Xia, Wenzhong Wang, Wai-Yeung Wong, Hua Li. Hierarchical 3D TiO2 Nanotube Arrays Sensitized by Graphene Oxide and Znx Cdy S for High Performance Photoelectrochemical Applications. physica status solidi (a). 2018; 215 (24):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruiyu Bao; Junfeng Geng; James A. Sullivan; Jianxin Xia; Wenzhong Wang; Wai-Yeung Wong; Hua Li. 2018. "Hierarchical 3D TiO2 Nanotube Arrays Sensitized by Graphene Oxide and Znx Cdy S for High Performance Photoelectrochemical Applications." physica status solidi (a) 215, no. 24: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Catalysis Communications
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ACS Style

Rory Herron; Charles Marchant; James A. Sullivan. Co-SBA-15 catalysts in the hydrolysis of NH3BH3 – Influences of Co precursors and catalyst pre-treatment. Catalysis Communications 2018, 107, 14 -17.

AMA Style

Rory Herron, Charles Marchant, James A. Sullivan. Co-SBA-15 catalysts in the hydrolysis of NH3BH3 – Influences of Co precursors and catalyst pre-treatment. Catalysis Communications. 2018; 107 ():14-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rory Herron; Charles Marchant; James A. Sullivan. 2018. "Co-SBA-15 catalysts in the hydrolysis of NH3BH3 – Influences of Co precursors and catalyst pre-treatment." Catalysis Communications 107, no. : 14-17.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2017 in Carbon
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ACS Style

Anne E. Shanahan; Mary McNamara; James A. Sullivan; Hugh J. Byrne. An insight into the superior performance of a gold nanocatalyst on single wall carbon nanotubes to that on titanium dioxide and amorphous carbon for the green aerobic oxidation of aromatic alcohols. Carbon 2017, 124, 726 .

AMA Style

Anne E. Shanahan, Mary McNamara, James A. Sullivan, Hugh J. Byrne. An insight into the superior performance of a gold nanocatalyst on single wall carbon nanotubes to that on titanium dioxide and amorphous carbon for the green aerobic oxidation of aromatic alcohols. Carbon. 2017; 124 ():726.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne E. Shanahan; Mary McNamara; James A. Sullivan; Hugh J. Byrne. 2017. "An insight into the superior performance of a gold nanocatalyst on single wall carbon nanotubes to that on titanium dioxide and amorphous carbon for the green aerobic oxidation of aromatic alcohols." Carbon 124, no. : 726.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2017 in New Carbon Materials
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ACS Style

Anne E Shanahan; Mary McNamara; James A Sullivan; Hugh J Byrne. An insight into the superior performance of a gold nanocatalyst on single wall carbon nanotubes to that on titanium dioxide and amorphous carbon for the green aerobic oxidation of aromatic alcohols. New Carbon Materials 2017, 32, 242 -251.

AMA Style

Anne E Shanahan, Mary McNamara, James A Sullivan, Hugh J Byrne. An insight into the superior performance of a gold nanocatalyst on single wall carbon nanotubes to that on titanium dioxide and amorphous carbon for the green aerobic oxidation of aromatic alcohols. New Carbon Materials. 2017; 32 (3):242-251.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anne E Shanahan; Mary McNamara; James A Sullivan; Hugh J Byrne. 2017. "An insight into the superior performance of a gold nanocatalyst on single wall carbon nanotubes to that on titanium dioxide and amorphous carbon for the green aerobic oxidation of aromatic alcohols." New Carbon Materials 32, no. 3: 242-251.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2017 in Applied Catalysis B: Environmental
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Ammonia borane (AB) was loaded onto a range of mesoporous materials (MCM-41, SBA-15 and MCF) by wet impregnation from THF solutions and its thermal dehydrogenation studied using TGA/MS. The interactions between the AB and the surfaces were characterised using difference FTIR spectroscopy. The presence of mesoporous materials promotes lower temperature H2 release, and greater selectivity towards the formation of H2, i.e. decreased formation of gaseous boroncontaining side products. D-FTIR results confirm interactions between isolated silanol groups or surface Si-O-Si species and AB and this supports the proposal that a H-bonding interaction between the surface and deposited AB is important in promoting decomposition at lower temperature. AB interacting with silanol groups decomposes more readily than that coordinated to Si-O-Si. The effect on the temperature of H2 release is greater for materials of larger pore size (rather than materials of larger surface area), i.e. MCF>SBA-15>MCM-41. This suggests that access to the internal surface of the mesoporous material (where the majority of surface silanols are located) is important, and this in turn suggests that polymeric species, which may have restricted access to the internal surface of the different materials, form when AB is dissolved in THF. Decomposition of B-N-containing gaseous materials (to AB(g)) following their formation, on the silanol groups of the SiO2, is suggested as the reason for the increased selectivity of the reaction to H2 (and decreased release of unwanted side products) in the presence of mesoporous material

ACS Style

James A. Sullivan; Rory Herron; Andrew D. Phillips. Towards an understanding of the beneficial effect of mesoporous materials on the dehydrogenation characteristics of NH3BH3. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2017, 201, 182 -188.

AMA Style

James A. Sullivan, Rory Herron, Andrew D. Phillips. Towards an understanding of the beneficial effect of mesoporous materials on the dehydrogenation characteristics of NH3BH3. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 2017; 201 ():182-188.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James A. Sullivan; Rory Herron; Andrew D. Phillips. 2017. "Towards an understanding of the beneficial effect of mesoporous materials on the dehydrogenation characteristics of NH3BH3." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 201, no. : 182-188.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2015 in Renewable Energy
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The activity and selectivity of an Au/TiO2 catalyst in a reaction mixture which has had its pH adjusted by the addition of NaOH (aq) is compared to that of the same catalyst in reaction mixtures whose pH was adjusted using suspensions of BaO and CaO. It was found that the suspensions acted as effective bases and reactions in their presence showed similar conversions to those where NaOH(aq) was used. The selectivities of the reactions were different in each case. In all cases dihydroxyacetone, glyceric acid, glycolic acid and formic acid was produced but more glyceric acid was produced when alkaline earth oxide suspensions were used (at the expense of glycolic and formic acid) than when NaOH(aq) was used. Given glycolic and formic acids are produced from oxidation of glyceric acid, it seems that glyceric acid is somewhat stabilized against further oxidation in the presence of the group II oxides. One explanation for this is the formation of glyceric acid hemicalcium salts (and analogous Ba2+ species) in solution

ACS Style

James A. Sullivan; Sarah Burnham. The use of alkaline earth oxides as pH modifiers for selective glycerol oxidation over supported Au catalysts. Renewable Energy 2015, 78, 89 -92.

AMA Style

James A. Sullivan, Sarah Burnham. The use of alkaline earth oxides as pH modifiers for selective glycerol oxidation over supported Au catalysts. Renewable Energy. 2015; 78 ():89-92.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James A. Sullivan; Sarah Burnham. 2015. "The use of alkaline earth oxides as pH modifiers for selective glycerol oxidation over supported Au catalysts." Renewable Energy 78, no. : 89-92.

Book chapter
Published: 01 May 2015 in Advanced Catalytic Materials
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ACS Style

James A. Sullivan; Orla Keane; Petrica Dulgheru; Niamh O'callaghan. Environmental Applications of Multifunctional Nanocomposite Catalytic Materials: Issues with Catalyst Combinations. Advanced Catalytic Materials 2015, 1 -36.

AMA Style

James A. Sullivan, Orla Keane, Petrica Dulgheru, Niamh O'callaghan. Environmental Applications of Multifunctional Nanocomposite Catalytic Materials: Issues with Catalyst Combinations. Advanced Catalytic Materials. 2015; ():1-36.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James A. Sullivan; Orla Keane; Petrica Dulgheru; Niamh O'callaghan. 2015. "Environmental Applications of Multifunctional Nanocomposite Catalytic Materials: Issues with Catalyst Combinations." Advanced Catalytic Materials , no. : 1-36.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2015 in Catalysis Communications
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Activities of CaO catalysts on SBA-15 and MCM-41 have been compared in transesterification and SBA-15 supported samples invariably more active than those on MCM-41. Increased activity is not due to diffusional effects (as measured using substrates of differing size) but rather to increased dispersion of CaO on SBA-15 (as measured using NOx TPD). The effect, i.e. increased reactivity of SBA-15 supported catalysts being related to increased dispersion, is also noted in supported BaO catalysts while supported MgCO3 catalysts show little variation in dispersion (or in reactivity) as a function of the support used

ACS Style

James A. Sullivan; Linda Sherry. Different dispersions of group II catalysts over SBA-15 and MCM-41: Effects on transesterification reactivity. Catalysis Communications 2015, 60, 88 -91.

AMA Style

James A. Sullivan, Linda Sherry. Different dispersions of group II catalysts over SBA-15 and MCM-41: Effects on transesterification reactivity. Catalysis Communications. 2015; 60 ():88-91.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James A. Sullivan; Linda Sherry. 2015. "Different dispersions of group II catalysts over SBA-15 and MCM-41: Effects on transesterification reactivity." Catalysis Communications 60, no. : 88-91.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2014 in Catalysis Communications
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ACS Style

James A. Sullivan; Sarah Burnham. The selective oxidation of glycerol over model Au/TiO2 catalysts — The influence of glycerol purity on conversion and product selectivity. Catalysis Communications 2014, 56, 72 -75.

AMA Style

James A. Sullivan, Sarah Burnham. The selective oxidation of glycerol over model Au/TiO2 catalysts — The influence of glycerol purity on conversion and product selectivity. Catalysis Communications. 2014; 56 ():72-75.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James A. Sullivan; Sarah Burnham. 2014. "The selective oxidation of glycerol over model Au/TiO2 catalysts — The influence of glycerol purity on conversion and product selectivity." Catalysis Communications 56, no. : 72-75.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2014 in Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry
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In this work, different thermal treatments of titanium isopropoxide-derived photo-catalyst precursors, designed with the purpose of generating C-doped TiO2 photo-catalysts using carbon atoms present in the TiOx gel precursors as dopants, are presented. Specifically, these look at varying the standard calcination techniques using heat treatments in He (rather than calcination in air) and lower temperature calcinations (200 °C rather than 500 °C). The formed materials are characterised using N2 physisorption, XRD, UV Visible spectroscopy and XPS and their activities in promoting the oxidation of 4-chlorophenol under visible-light-only conditions were analysed. The nature of carbon remaining on the (or in the) material is discussed found to be both surface graphitic carbon and carbon present in anionic dopant positions. The different contributions of each type of carbon to the catalytic photo-activity under visible light are discussed

ACS Style

James A. Sullivan; Elaine M. Neville; Rory Herron; K. Ravindranathan Thampi; J.M. Donal MacElroy. Routes to visible light active C-doped TiO2 photocatalysts using carbon atoms from the Ti precursors. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 2014, 289, 60 -65.

AMA Style

James A. Sullivan, Elaine M. Neville, Rory Herron, K. Ravindranathan Thampi, J.M. Donal MacElroy. Routes to visible light active C-doped TiO2 photocatalysts using carbon atoms from the Ti precursors. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 2014; 289 ():60-65.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James A. Sullivan; Elaine M. Neville; Rory Herron; K. Ravindranathan Thampi; J.M. Donal MacElroy. 2014. "Routes to visible light active C-doped TiO2 photocatalysts using carbon atoms from the Ti precursors." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 289, no. : 60-65.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in Applied Catalysis A: General
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Attempts to mimic the band gap narrowing seen in anatase TiO2 following C-doping of the lattice where the C arose from a melamine borate precursor were made in situations where the sol-gel mixture was directed towards rutile formation. The formed materials were characterised using XRD, BET, UV-Vis spectroscopy, XPS and TEM and their activities in promoting the photo-degradation of 4-chlorophenol were analysed. It was found that carbon was not doped into the lattice (in contrast to the situations where the sol-gel mixture was directed towards the precipitation of anatase TiO2). In spite of how common reports of the preparation of C-doped TiO2 using sol-gel processes have been, the presence of carbon dopant precursors in a crystallising sol does not necessarily result in the incorporation of C dopants within the final crystalline material, i.e. the nature of the condensing sol is also important. The presence of melamine borate did however increase the proportion of rutile in the final mixture (indeed in the presence of melamine borate the pure rutile phase was formed) and also resulted in materials with higher surface areas (as measured using BET). Furthermore, TEM has shown that rutile TiO2 condensed in the presence of melamine borate had a much more distinct rod-like shape than that condensed in its absence (the latter being more spherical in shape). These materials, notwithstanding the absence of any dopant effect, demonstrated enhanced photocatalytic activity when compared with analogous materials prepared in the absence of melamine borate and this effect is ascribed to both their relatively larger surface areas and their specific shape. Therefore, we have serendipitously come across a method for improving the performance of rutile photocatalysts while searching for a method to generate C-doped rutile TiO2

ACS Style

Elaine M. Neville; Julia Ziegler; J. M. Don MacElroy; K. Ravindranathan Thampi; James Sullivan. Serendipity following attempts to prepare C-doped rutile TiO2. Applied Catalysis A: General 2014, 470, 434 -441.

AMA Style

Elaine M. Neville, Julia Ziegler, J. M. Don MacElroy, K. Ravindranathan Thampi, James Sullivan. Serendipity following attempts to prepare C-doped rutile TiO2. Applied Catalysis A: General. 2014; 470 ():434-441.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elaine M. Neville; Julia Ziegler; J. M. Don MacElroy; K. Ravindranathan Thampi; James Sullivan. 2014. "Serendipity following attempts to prepare C-doped rutile TiO2." Applied Catalysis A: General 470, no. : 434-441.