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Jimmyn Parc; Patrick Messerlin. The true impact of shorter and longer copyright durations: from authors’ earnings to cultural creativity and diversity. International Journal of Cultural Policy 2020, 1 -14.
AMA StyleJimmyn Parc, Patrick Messerlin. The true impact of shorter and longer copyright durations: from authors’ earnings to cultural creativity and diversity. International Journal of Cultural Policy. 2020; ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimmyn Parc; Patrick Messerlin. 2020. "The true impact of shorter and longer copyright durations: from authors’ earnings to cultural creativity and diversity." International Journal of Cultural Policy , no. : 1-14.
Jimmyn Parc; Patrick Messerlin. When protectionism does not protect you anymore! How to enhance the European film industry. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 2020, 33, 387 -392.
AMA StyleJimmyn Parc, Patrick Messerlin. When protectionism does not protect you anymore! How to enhance the European film industry. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research. 2020; 33 (4):387-392.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimmyn Parc; Patrick Messerlin. 2020. "When protectionism does not protect you anymore! How to enhance the European film industry." Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 33, no. 4: 387-392.
There are a number of voices who blame digitization for having a number of negative effects on the music industry including a decline in album sales, copyright infringement, unfair royalty payments, and competition with foreign multinationals. Yet, the global emergence of Korean pop music or K-pop suggests a different narrative, particularly given that its growth was largely unexpected among industry experts. Understanding the key to its international breakthrough can thus produce meaningful lessons for the music industries of other countries for their own further take-off. This constitutes the focus for this paper. Digitization has influenced various sectors of the Korean music industry such as business, society, and consumers. It has also transformed the management focus of the industry from analog to digital, from offline to online, from albums to songs, from specialization to integration, from domestic providers to international suppliers, from audio sound to visual images, from possessing to accessing, and from limited integration to synergistic network. This signifies that embracing technology advancement can enhance the competitiveness of cultural industries.
Jimmyn Parc; Shin Kim. The Digital Transformation of the Korean Music Industry and the Global Emergence of K-Pop. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7790 .
AMA StyleJimmyn Parc, Shin Kim. The Digital Transformation of the Korean Music Industry and the Global Emergence of K-Pop. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7790.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimmyn Parc; Shin Kim. 2020. "The Digital Transformation of the Korean Music Industry and the Global Emergence of K-Pop." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7790.
It has been widely believed that subsidies can help revive film industries, but the link between the intent and the actual results deserves more careful scrutiny. This paper addresses this issue by comparing and analyzing Europe and the United States. Originally, Europe’s subsidies were developed to increase the number of film productions, but they soon became ineffective and were largely exploited by Hollywood as a way to circumvent European protectionist measures. By contrast, US subsidy policies have been initiated and implemented by local state governments in order to enjoy the economic and cultural benefits from the filmmaking business, instead of supporting the film industry per se. Again though, these local subsidies have been exploited by Hollywood studios leaving little benefit for the local states. All of these points show that subsidies can easily become a myth, thus careful consideration should be undertaken when developing more effective policies for the future.
Patrick Messerlin; Jimmyn Parc. The myth of subsidies in the film industry: a comparative analysis of European and US approaches. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 2020, 33, 474 -489.
AMA StylePatrick Messerlin, Jimmyn Parc. The myth of subsidies in the film industry: a comparative analysis of European and US approaches. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research. 2020; 33 (4):474-489.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatrick Messerlin; Jimmyn Parc. 2020. "The myth of subsidies in the film industry: a comparative analysis of European and US approaches." Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 33, no. 4: 474-489.
Co-production was developed by several European countries to revive their film industries and has become increasingly popular, spreading across the region and beyond. However, this scheme should be carefully examined as to whether it is truly beneficial to the film industry. In response, this paper proposes two new concepts, “corporation-led” and “state-led” co-productions by distinguishing them from the prevailing notion of “(international) co-production.” Corporation-led coproduction is to achieve the best outcome through the optimal utilization of production (or creative) factors and business activities. By contrast, state-led co-production has been used to enhance the national image and has been supported by financial incentives. As such, this type of co-production becomes a hindrance for the optimal utilization of production factors. All of these aspects can be found throughout the history of Europe’s co-production efforts. In the future, such an instrument should be redesigned in order to promote the film industry more effectively.
Jimmyn Parc. Between state-led and corporation-led co-productions: how has film co-production been exploited by states in Europe. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 2020, 33, 442 -458.
AMA StyleJimmyn Parc. Between state-led and corporation-led co-productions: how has film co-production been exploited by states in Europe. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research. 2020; 33 (4):442-458.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimmyn Parc. 2020. "Between state-led and corporation-led co-productions: how has film co-production been exploited by states in Europe." Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 33, no. 4: 442-458.
The film industry is closely linked to the nation’s culture and economy. With globalization, however, it has become more engaged in international operations through film co‐production. Paradoxically, this instrument emerged as a type of discriminatory measure as well as reflected growing interest in regionalism, notably among European countries facing the dominance of US films. To strengthen this scheme, state subsidies have been widely offered, which has led to it being positively adopted in Europe and beyond. Given this political context, the double‐facet of co‐production should be carefully understood when this scheme is implemented to promote the film industry. In this regard, it is important to understand clearly how co‐production functions and crucially its real impact on the film industry. This paper reveals that in contrast to the common perception, co‐production leads easily to cultural paucity, rather than cultural diversity across various aspects. Additionally, subsidies to promote co‐production distort it further and make it easier to be exploited. Therefore, such a consideration should be taken into account when redesigning the co‐production scheme if governments wish to help promote the national film industry and cultural diversity in the era of globalization.
Jimmyn Parc. Understanding Film Co‐Production in the Era of Globalization: A Value Chain Approach. Global Policy 2020, 11, 458 -465.
AMA StyleJimmyn Parc. Understanding Film Co‐Production in the Era of Globalization: A Value Chain Approach. Global Policy. 2020; 11 (4):458-465.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimmyn Parc. 2020. "Understanding Film Co‐Production in the Era of Globalization: A Value Chain Approach." Global Policy 11, no. 4: 458-465.
Since culture has been considered as a pillar of national identity, prevailing ideas for cultural industries and policies are closely linked to protectionism and anti‐globalization. However, these moves are derived from a narrow understanding of globalization. In this regard, this paper deals with this fundamental question on how to understand globalization in cultural industries with a focus on the film sector. For this research question, this paper identified inbound and outbound globalizations. Inbound globalization happens domestically with the interconnectedness among domestic and international factors whereas outbound globalization occurs overseas. These two types of globalizations can be undertaken both actively and passively depending on how to utilize (dis)advantages. Based on such an analysis, this paper argues that government policies should be set up to maximize benefits from both inbound and outbound globalizations in order to enhance the international competitiveness of the film industry while strengthening its industrial base.
Shin Dong Kim; Jimmyn Parc. Inbound and Outbound Globalizations in the International Film Industry. Global Policy 2020, 11, 7 -13.
AMA StyleShin Dong Kim, Jimmyn Parc. Inbound and Outbound Globalizations in the International Film Industry. Global Policy. 2020; 11 (S2):7-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShin Dong Kim; Jimmyn Parc. 2020. "Inbound and Outbound Globalizations in the International Film Industry." Global Policy 11, no. S2: 7-13.
The approaches taken in these articles for this Special Issue are interdisciplinary and seek to be innovative by offering public and private solutions to globalization and protectionism in the cultural industries. We believe that it will be useful to practitioners and policy makers while also providing meaningful results to academics. In particular, it is our aim that the articles in this Special Issue will open a new forum to discuss approaches toward developing effective cultural policies.
Patrick Messerlin; Hwy‐Chang Moon; Jimmyn Parc. Cultural Industries in the Era of Protectionism. Global Policy 2020, 11, 5 -6.
AMA StylePatrick Messerlin, Hwy‐Chang Moon, Jimmyn Parc. Cultural Industries in the Era of Protectionism. Global Policy. 2020; 11 (S2):5-6.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatrick Messerlin; Hwy‐Chang Moon; Jimmyn Parc. 2020. "Cultural Industries in the Era of Protectionism." Global Policy 11, no. S2: 5-6.
In 1989, the Member States of the European Union integrated their TV markets together in order to create a larger and more open ‘single TV market’ through the Television without Frontiers Directive. The French film industry used this opportunity to extract additional revenues by implementing TV quotas and strengthening the chronologie des médias . This paper examines the impact of these two measures on the French film and TV industries and shows how they were incoherent. In contrast to the expectations of the French film industry, these measures have induced it to produce less attractive films and burdened the TV industry with increased regulatory costs. While the government poured massive subsidies into the filmmaking sector, this endeavor has not been able to significantly improve the attractiveness of French films. In this regard, the Korean film industry offers valuable lessons. Since the late 1990s, the Korean government has significantly reduced its level of protectionism and scaled back its intervention in the industry. Crucially, business has been the main engine to produce attractive films that can compete with Hollywood films in the open market. For the French film industry, the findings in this paper suggest which direction its Grandes Manœuvres should pursue.
Jimmyn Parc; Patrick Messerlin. Overcoming the Incoherent ‘Grand Maneuver’ in the French Film and TV Markets: Lessons from the Experiences in France and Korea. Global Policy 2020, 11, 31 -39.
AMA StyleJimmyn Parc, Patrick Messerlin. Overcoming the Incoherent ‘Grand Maneuver’ in the French Film and TV Markets: Lessons from the Experiences in France and Korea. Global Policy. 2020; 11 (S2):31-39.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimmyn Parc; Patrick Messerlin. 2020. "Overcoming the Incoherent ‘Grand Maneuver’ in the French Film and TV Markets: Lessons from the Experiences in France and Korea." Global Policy 11, no. S2: 31-39.
There have been a number of voices calling for the implementation of a tighter copyrights regime in this era of digitization that will help deter the copying of established works. Such an approach though is counterproductive. Although imitation is often considered as a negative practice in our time, throughout history it has been perceived very differently. This chapter focuses on the true role of imitation and reveals the real nature of the relationship between copying, creativity, and diversity. It argues that contrary to prevailing beliefs, imitation and copying do not restrict cultural creativity or diversity but in fact support them further. The findings of this chapter suggest that imitation within the copyrights regime should be carefully reconsidered and that maybe the core issue is about earnings, rather than cultural creativity or diversity.
Jimmyn Parc. Rethinking Copyrights: The Impact of Copying on Cultural Creativity and Diversity. Advances in Happiness Research 2020, 143 -162.
AMA StyleJimmyn Parc. Rethinking Copyrights: The Impact of Copying on Cultural Creativity and Diversity. Advances in Happiness Research. 2020; ():143-162.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimmyn Parc. 2020. "Rethinking Copyrights: The Impact of Copying on Cultural Creativity and Diversity." Advances in Happiness Research , no. : 143-162.
Jimmyn Parc; Sciences Po Paris and Seoul National University. Has the Ghost that Ruined the Country Been Resurrected? The Puzzle of South Korea’s Domestic and Foreign Policies. UNISCI Journal 2020, 18, 11 -21.
AMA StyleJimmyn Parc, Sciences Po Paris and Seoul National University. Has the Ghost that Ruined the Country Been Resurrected? The Puzzle of South Korea’s Domestic and Foreign Policies. UNISCI Journal. 2020; 18 (52):11-21.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimmyn Parc; Sciences Po Paris and Seoul National University. 2020. "Has the Ghost that Ruined the Country Been Resurrected? The Puzzle of South Korea’s Domestic and Foreign Policies." UNISCI Journal 18, no. 52: 11-21.
With increasing business integration in cultural industries around the world, it has often been debated whether this process is helpful or harmful. The experiences of the Korean film industry provide an important example in this regard. Over the course of Korea’s film industry, there have been three distinct periods of integration. This article analyses the causes, processes, and their effects. The first one was the result of strict regulations and strong government intervention. The latter two periods exhibit different characteristics: deregulation and pro-competition in a global setting. In fact, integration brought about rather positive effects to the industry when a business-friendly environment prevailed. Based on this study, the results show that integration can be used to enhance the competitiveness of a film industry. The analysis in this article can be useful toward providing a good reference point for establishing cultural policies for the film industry.
Jimmyn Parc. Business integration and its impact on film industry: The case of Korean film policies from the 1960s until the present. Business History 2019, 63, 850 -867.
AMA StyleJimmyn Parc. Business integration and its impact on film industry: The case of Korean film policies from the 1960s until the present. Business History. 2019; 63 (5):850-867.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimmyn Parc. 2019. "Business integration and its impact on film industry: The case of Korean film policies from the 1960s until the present." Business History 63, no. 5: 850-867.
Contributing to society is not simply a charitable gesture but can be a value creating activity when utilized with an appropriate strategy. Companies should attempt to move from “good corporation” to “smart corporation.” Society should also recognize that corporations are the organizations that create values in collaboration rather than just offering away some of their profits to society. When both corporations and society realize this mutually beneficial role, we can develop a virtuous cycle of increasing the benefits for both corporations and society.
Hwy‐Chang Moon; Jimmyn Parc. Shifting corporate social responsibility to corporate social opportunity through creating shared value. Strategic Change 2019, 28, 115 -122.
AMA StyleHwy‐Chang Moon, Jimmyn Parc. Shifting corporate social responsibility to corporate social opportunity through creating shared value. Strategic Change. 2019; 28 (2):115-122.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwy‐Chang Moon; Jimmyn Parc. 2019. "Shifting corporate social responsibility to corporate social opportunity through creating shared value." Strategic Change 28, no. 2: 115-122.
When it comes to the promotion of culture, many tend to highlight the vital role of public initiatives. This idea is based on the common perception that culture is part of the nationstate. This belief also stems from the confusion between two types of culture. To address such misperceptions, this paper emphasizes a distinction between accumulated and accumulable cultures: The former is associated with the nation-state and local conditions. Given that it has formed over a long period of time with the accumulation of related cultural practices, the need to protect it is strong. On the other hand, accumulable culture is less associated with the nation-state and is more universalistic. As it has only formed relatively recently, it can be further improved and enhanced. Alongside this, it should be well understood that accumulated culture was also once accumulable and has survived over time. Furthermore, this paper argues that in order to promote accumulable culture, private initiatives would have a more significant impact than public efforts. For example, the role of the Korean government has usually been credited by several media outlets and scholars in explaining the emergence of K-pop; however, a rigorous analysis of K-pop clearly demonstrates that private initiatives have actually been more effective in promoting K-pop internationally. This perspective intends to provide important implications for policy makers to formulate more effective policies that would help promote their national culture as a source of soft power.
Jimmyn Parc; Hwy-Chang Moon. Accumulated and Accumulable Cultures: The Case of Public and Private Initiatives toward K-Pop. Kritika Kultura 2018, 429 -452.
AMA StyleJimmyn Parc, Hwy-Chang Moon. Accumulated and Accumulable Cultures: The Case of Public and Private Initiatives toward K-Pop. Kritika Kultura. 2018; (32):429-452.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimmyn Parc; Hwy-Chang Moon. 2018. "Accumulated and Accumulable Cultures: The Case of Public and Private Initiatives toward K-Pop." Kritika Kultura , no. 32: 429-452.
The film industry has received increasing attention due to social, cultural, and economic reasons. Consequently, many countries have introduced various measures to protect and promote it, particularly through the use of subsidies. So far, many works have focused on how protectionism affects the film industry with focus on production and consumption. In this regard, this paper focuses on the impact of protectionism upon the performance of actors by comparing the French and Korean film industries, which has been less studied. This paper reveals three interesting points that should be carefully considered in order to make effective policies for the film industry. First, subsidies to protect the film industry increase the performance fee of actors since part of the subsidies goes to them. Second, direct subsidies that are distributed to the director also distort the film producing structure by increasing the number of actor-directors. Third, subsidies for international co-production increase the number of actors who collaborate with international producers.
Hee Jun Kim; Maxime Martigane; Jimmyn Parc. Assessing the Impact of Protectionism Upon the Performance of Actors: The Case of the French and Korean Film Industries. Kritika Kultura 2018, 164 -182.
AMA StyleHee Jun Kim, Maxime Martigane, Jimmyn Parc. Assessing the Impact of Protectionism Upon the Performance of Actors: The Case of the French and Korean Film Industries. Kritika Kultura. 2018; (32):164-182.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHee Jun Kim; Maxime Martigane; Jimmyn Parc. 2018. "Assessing the Impact of Protectionism Upon the Performance of Actors: The Case of the French and Korean Film Industries." Kritika Kultura , no. 32: 164-182.
In recent years, K-pop or Korean popular songs have enjoyed immense popularity around the world. However, the situation was very different before the mid-2000s when the industry was suffering from widespread piracy of its music. Furthermore, the emergence of the MP3 phone in the early 2000s provoked two critical conflicts. One was between the producers of the MP3 phone who were large conglomerates and the manufacturers of the standalone MP3 player who were smaller companies that feared for their future. The other conflict was between the producers of the MP3 phone and the Korean music industry who believed this new device would hinder their development. Given the current global popularity of K-pop, it is meaningful to analyze the position and rationale of these players at the time and their consequences. In brief, protecting existing industries hindered the corporate and industrial adaptions in the global competition and held back the momentum to explore innovation and a new business model. First, the MP3 player manufacturers encountered serious financial and managerial problems and even went into bankruptcy because they were too slow in pursuing change. Second, the Korean conglomerates were late in producing a new digital device, the smartphone, and entering its growing market. Third, the Korean music industry was able to survive but only because entertainment companies have adopted a new business model that generated alternative sources of earnings. This paper demonstrates the importance of having a broader view and recognition of industrial dynamics in formulating effective policies.
Jimmyn Parc. Between Technological Advancement and Protectionism: The Bumpy Evolution from MP3 Players to Smartphones in Korea. Kritika Kultura 2018, 6 -31.
AMA StyleJimmyn Parc. Between Technological Advancement and Protectionism: The Bumpy Evolution from MP3 Players to Smartphones in Korea. Kritika Kultura. 2018; (32):6-31.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimmyn Parc. 2018. "Between Technological Advancement and Protectionism: The Bumpy Evolution from MP3 Players to Smartphones in Korea." Kritika Kultura , no. 32: 6-31.
Jimmyn Parc; Patrick Messerlin. Audio-visual Services. Potential Benefits of an Australia-EU Free Trade Agreement: Key Issues and Options 2018, 225 -244.
AMA StyleJimmyn Parc, Patrick Messerlin. Audio-visual Services. Potential Benefits of an Australia-EU Free Trade Agreement: Key Issues and Options. 2018; ():225-244.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimmyn Parc; Patrick Messerlin. 2018. "Audio-visual Services." Potential Benefits of an Australia-EU Free Trade Agreement: Key Issues and Options , no. : 225-244.
Digitization has significantly changed the process for producing and consuming music: from analogue to digital, albums to songs, possess to access, audio to visual, and end products to promotional products. In this globalized digital era, actively embracing digitization would likely help enhance the competitiveness of the music industry. The rise of K-pop and the decline of J-pop clearly demonstrate the different results from whether to embrace or wrestle with digitization. The Korean music industry recognized changes brought on by digitization earlier and was more active in responding with effective strategies. By contrast, the Japanese music industry did not immediately respond to these changes but stuck to its rent-seeking behavior in order to take advantage of its larger market size and “sophisticated” copyright regime. The implications from this paper is that business activities are the core element for creating and enhancing competitiveness of the music industries.
Jimmyn Parc; Nobuko Kawashima. Wrestling with or Embracing Digitization in the Music Industry: The Contrasting Business Strategies of J-pop and K-pop. Kritika Kultura 2018, 23 -48.
AMA StyleJimmyn Parc, Nobuko Kawashima. Wrestling with or Embracing Digitization in the Music Industry: The Contrasting Business Strategies of J-pop and K-pop. Kritika Kultura. 2018; (30/31):23-48.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimmyn Parc; Nobuko Kawashima. 2018. "Wrestling with or Embracing Digitization in the Music Industry: The Contrasting Business Strategies of J-pop and K-pop." Kritika Kultura , no. 30/31: 23-48.
Once one of the most prominent economies in the world, Japan is currently suffering from economic stagnancy. In order to revitalize the economy effectively, the core problems of Japan and its economy need to be first identified. This paper aims to understand accurately what the fundamental reasons are for Japan’s current economic stagnancy. The generalized double diamond model, an extension of Porter’s original diamond model is used in order to incorporate internationalization which is very important for Asian countries, notably Japan. Furthermore, its competitiveness is compared with neighboring countries that are in competition in the global market. Japan’s current economic problems and its slow recovery are due to a lack of globalization vis-à-vis its counterparts in the region, rather than specific macro-economic factors. Hence, further globalization is crucial toward ensuring a further take-off for the economy. Macro-economic policies may be important but cannot directly improve a nation’s competitiveness. This paper highlights the importance of globalization and concludes that multinational activities are crucial to enhance a nation’s competitiveness in both domestic and international scope. This paper adopts the concept of national competitiveness in order to examine the fundamental economic problems of Japan’s slow recovery and stagnancy more comprehensively. In particular, it compares the competitiveness of Japan with its neighbors which are its economic competitors.
Jimmyn Parc. Why has Japan’s economy been staggering? A competitiveness perspective. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 2018, 28, 433 -450.
AMA StyleJimmyn Parc. Why has Japan’s economy been staggering? A competitiveness perspective. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal. 2018; 28 (4):433-450.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimmyn Parc. 2018. "Why has Japan’s economy been staggering? A competitiveness perspective." Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 28, no. 4: 433-450.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare the effects of conventional and unconventional FDI on the host country in a more comprehensive and systematic way. Design/methodology/approach Both the OLI paradigm and the imbalance theory are linked to the diamond model in order to compare the effects of conventional and unconventional FDI on the host country. This methodology is then applied to the real world as a case study, FDI toward the Korean automobile industry. Findings Conventional FDI is often said to be more beneficial to the host country than the unconventional type. However, the actual effect of unconventional FDI is shown to be more positive with better management and is often larger than perceived. Therefore, unconventional FDI emerges as important as conventional FDI for sustainable economic development. Practical implications In general, unconventional FDI has often been criticized severely because of misperceptions derived from the dominance of conventional FDI on theoretical aspects, incomprehensive perspectives toward assessing the effects of FDI, and negative political views. Therefore, rigorous and holistic case study analyses based on solid analytical tools are needed in order to better understand the effects of unconventional FDI and to draw up effective and proper FDI promotion policies. Originality/value This paper provides a way to better understand the effect of unconventional FDI on the host country comprehensively and systematically by expanding and deepening existing theories. Based on this, the effects of conventional and unconventional FDI on the host country are compared theoretically and empirically, particularly with the case of the Korean automobile industry.
Jimmyn Parc; Jin Sup Jung. The effects of conventional and unconventional FDI on the host country. Journal of Korea Trade 2018, 22, 105 -120.
AMA StyleJimmyn Parc, Jin Sup Jung. The effects of conventional and unconventional FDI on the host country. Journal of Korea Trade. 2018; 22 (2):105-120.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJimmyn Parc; Jin Sup Jung. 2018. "The effects of conventional and unconventional FDI on the host country." Journal of Korea Trade 22, no. 2: 105-120.