An electrochemical-thermal coupling model combined with an electrically connected cylindrical cell model was built to produce a structural design that prevents thermal runaway propagation of cells on the battery module. Additionally, the characteristics of different modes of heat transfer of each cell during thermal runaway propagation of the battery module in an open environment were studied by changing the spacing of adjacent cells, the solder joint area, and the cross-sectional area of the electrode tab. Heat conduction is usually the main heat transfer mode for cells directly connected to the thermal runaway cell, while radiation heat transfer is the main heat exchange mode for cells that are not directly connected to thermal runaway cell. Increasing spacing can prevent thermal runaway propagation by the three heat transfer modes. Similarly, a smaller total solder joint area and cross-sectional area of the electrode tab can inhibit thermal runaway propagation through heat conduction transfer modes if conditions permit.

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the mean flame height and the air entrainment rate of double buoyancy-controlled jet fires. Three rectangular nozzles of different aspect ratios with different geometric shapes under the same sectional area were used in this paper. For each experimental condition, two identical nozzles with the same heat release rate were considered, but the distance between two nozzles varied. Experimental results show that the mean flame height decreases sharply with the distance at first, and then changes slightly with the further increase of the distance. Meanwhile, the value of the ratio of air entrainment increases with the distance. A correlation between the dimensionless flame height and dimensionless heat release rate resulting in a general linear relation has been developed, and a developed model for the ratio of air entrainment and the distance has been achieved.