This paper contributes to the public and academic debate on the appropriateness of young Westerners’ participation in projects of volunteer tourism conducted in developing countries. Ethnographic research was carried out in the context of an Australian program that organizes short-term group placements for university students in countries like Vietnam, Mexico and Fiji. The results illustrate that such projects can produce similar benefits to other educational initiatives of international volunteering and service (IVS) in terms of global engagement, career development, intercultural competence and psychological support. However, for these projects to avoid public critiques and negative outcomes, they need to harmonize personal and institutional expectations with real volunteer capacities. Thus, until IVS programs in the university context distance themselves from a development aid discourse, they will potentially fall under the umbrella of “neo-colonialism”. The research provides a model of impact analysis and raises challenging questions for universities or similar organizations involved with short-term group placements of volunteer tourism.

The potential of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) with remote reflectance fiber-optic probes for determining the mineral composition of propolis was evaluated. This technology allows direct measurements without prior sample treatment. Ninety one samples of propolis were collected in Chile (Bio-Bio region) and Spain (Castilla-León and Galicia regions). The minerals measured were aluminum, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and some potentially toxic trace elements such as zinc, chromium, nickel, copper and lead. The modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression method was used to develop the NIR calibration model. The determination coefficient (R²) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) obtained for aluminum (0.79, 53), calcium (0.83, 94), iron (0.69, 134) potassium (0.95, 117), magnesium (0.70, 99), phosphorus (0.94, 24) zinc (0.87, 10) chromium (0.48, 0.6) nickel (0.52, 0.7) copper (0.64, 0.9) and lead (0.70, 2) in ppm. The results demonstrated that the capacity for prediction can be considered good for wide ranges of potassium, phosphorus and zinc concentrations, and acceptable for aluminum, calcium, magnesium, iron and lead. This indicated that the NIR method is comparable to chemical methods. The method is of interest in the rapid prediction of potentially toxic elements in propolis before consumption.

Three field experiments were performed to determine the effects of melatonin implants on the fertility of rams. The experiments were performed on three breeds (Rasa Aragonesa, Assaf and Manchega) in three commercial farms in Spain. Melatonin-treated rams (M) and non-implanted control rams (C) mated either ewes oestrous-induced with FGA intravaginal sponges (Rasa Aragonesa and Assaf farms) or melatonintreated ewes during the anoestrous period (Manchega farm). Scrotal circumference (SC) was measured at melatonin implantation and at ram introduction (nearly 45 d later). Lambing rate, litter size, and fecundity were recorded at parturition. Melatonin implants in rams increased the number of lambs born per ewe in Rasa Aragonesa (19%), Assaf (9%), and Manchega (7%) because of the higher lambing rates exhibited by ewes mated with melatonin-treated rams (Rasa Aragonesa: 80.2% vs 70.5%, P<0.05; Assaf: 74.2% vs 68.0%, NS; Manchega: 90.0% vs 81.5%, P<0.05; for M and C groups, respectively). As a result, the number of extra lambs born per treated ewe was 0.17, 0.10, and 0.10 in the Rasa Aragonesa, Assaf, and Manchega ewes, respectively. In the M and C groups of Rasa Aragonesa rams, mean scrotal circumference increased significantly between the start of the experiments and the onset of mating, but the two groups did not differ significantly at the implantation or at the onset of mating. In the melatonin-treated and control Assaf rams, scrotal circumference increased over the course of the experiments but, at the onset of mating, the melatonin-treated rams had higher SC than did the control rams. Melatonin-treated Manchega rams had scrotal circumferences that were significantly greater than those of the control rams. In the Rasa Aragonesa and Manchega breeds, treating rams using melatonin implants significantly increased the net lamb production of ewes in field conditions. In the Assaf breed, the number of extra lambs born per ewe mated with melatonin treated rams was lower than in the other breeds, even though rams exhibited a significant increase in scrotal circumference. Further research involving the study of semen quality has been planned