Self-assembling amyloid materials with various length scales and tailored functions show wide applications in the fields of biomedicine, tissue engineering, energy materials, environmental science, nanodevices, biosensors, optical materials and liquid crystals.

Colorimetric sensors fabricated via nanomaterials and nanotechnology exhibited promising applications in environmental science.

Graphene (G)-based nanocomposites have received much attention in various disciplines due to their high specific surface area, good compatibility, low mass density, elegant flexibility as well as the excellent synergistic effect of G with other nanomaterials. Numerous studies have been carried out to fabricate G-based polymer composites with novel and improved properties. However, the dispersion behavior of G in a polymer matrix and the interfacial bonding between G and polymers still restrict the better performances and broader applications of the fabricated G–polymer nanocomposites. In this review, we have summarized the most recent studies on the modification of G with polymers and the subsequent synthesis and applications of high quality G–polymer nanocomposites. The strategies for surface modification of G with polymers, including various covalent and non-covalent techniques, are introduced in detail. In addition, a series of effective processing routes for producing high quality G–polymer nanocomposites, such as melt compounding, solution blending, in situ polymerization, latex mixing, and electropolymerization, are introduced and discussed. Finally, the potential applications of the synthesized G–polymer nanocomposites in electrocatalysts, drug delivery, high performance materials, biosensors, and biomedical materials are presented.

Graphene-based materials have attracted increasing attention due to their atomically-thick two-dimensional structures, high conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, and large specific surface areas. The combination of biomolecules with graphene-based materials offers a promising method to fabricate novel graphene–biomolecule hybrid nanomaterials with unique functions in biology, medicine, nanotechnology, and materials science. In this review, we focus on a summarization of the recent studies in functionalizing graphene-based materials using different biomolecules, such as DNA, peptides, proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, and viruses. The different interactions between graphene and biomolecules at the molecular level are demonstrated and discussed in detail. In addition, the potential applications of the created graphene–biomolecule nanohybrids in drug delivery, cancer treatment, tissue engineering, biosensors, bioimaging, energy materials, and other nanotechnological applications are presented. This review will be helpful to know the modification of graphene with biomolecules, understand the interactions between graphene and biomolecules at the molecular level, and design functional graphene-based nanomaterials with unique properties for various applications.