We report the modification of graphene oxide (GO) by thermal reduction to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and subsequent modification by sulfophenyl groups as well as the characterization of these materials by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectroscopy (TGA-MS). The chemical modification of RGO was carried out by the spontaneous reaction of RGO with in situ generated sulfophenyl diazonium ions. The three different types of materials were also characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The characteristic absorption band at 1034 and 1160 cm⁻¹ in the FTIR spectrum of the sulfophenyl-modified RGO (SRGO), as well as Raman spectroscopy and TGA-MS data indicated that sulfophenyl groups were successfully grafted on RGO. The presence of organic molecules at the SRGO surface was also demonstrated by elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and XPS. TGA data and elemental analysis results showed that the loading of sulfophenyl groups was about 12 wt% and UV-visible-near IR spectroscopy confirms the slight increase of the optical band gap of RGO after covalent grafting of sulfophenyl groups on its surface.

Manganese oxides have a relatively long history in the world of battery chemistry, dating back to the work of Leclanché in the 1860s, which ultimately formed the basis for the now-ubiquitous primary 1.5 V Zn/MnO₂ alkaline cell.