Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most prevalent complication and the leading cause of death among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients have a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of CVD. There is a scarcity of data about the magnitude of CVD among patients with diabetes in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of CVD among T2DM patients at selected hospitals of Harari regional state of Ethiopia.Methods: This hospital-based retrospective data review was conducted among T2DM patients on follow-up in the diabetes clinics of selected hospitals of Harari regional state. The records of T2DM patients who have been diagnosed between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2017, were reviewed from March to April 2018. Data were collected by using structured checklists from all necessary documents of T2DM patients. Statistical analysis was done using STATA 14.1. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with CVD.Result: The records of 454 T2DM patients were extracted from three government hospitals in Harari regional state. Their age was ranging from 15 to 86 years with a mean age (±SD) of 45.39 (14.76). The overall prevalence of CVD among T2DM patients was 42.51%, composed of hypertensive heart diseases (38.99%), heart failure (6.83%), and stroke (2.20%). The final multivariate logistic regression model revealed that age older than 60 years [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.22; 95% CI: 1.71–6.09], being physically inactive (AOR = 1.45; 95 CI: 1.06–2.38), drinking alcohol (AOR = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.17–6.06), hypertension (AOR = 2.41; 95% CI: 1.52–3.83), body mass index >24.9 kg/m² (AOR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.07–3.07), and experiencing microvascular diabetic complications (AOR = 3.62; 95% CI: 2.01–6.53) were significantly associated with the odds of having CVD.Conclusion: The prevalence of CVD was high and associated with advanced age, physical inactivity, drinking alcohol, higher body mass index, hypertension, and having microvascular complications. Health care workers should educate T2DM patients about healthy lifestyles like physical activity, weight reduction, blood pressure control, and alcohol secession, which can reduce the risk of CVD.

Objectives: The current study aimed to determine the magnitude of home delivery and its associated factors in East Africa using data from the Demographic and Health Survey. Methods: We pooled data from the Demographic and Health Survey of the 11 East African countries and included a total weighted sample of 126,107 women in the study. The generalized linear mixed model was fitted to identify factors associated with home delivery. Variables with adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval, and p value < 0.05 in the final generalized linear mixed model were reported to declare significantly associated factors with home delivery. Result: The weighted prevalence of home delivery was 23.68% (95% confidence interval: [23.45, 23.92]) among women in East African countries. Home delivery was highest in Ethiopia (72.5%) whereas, it was lowest in Mozambique (2.8%). In generalized linear mixed model, respondent’s age group, marital status, educational status, place of residence, living country, wealth index, media exposure, and number of children ever born were shown significant association with the home delivery in the East African countries, Conclusion: Home delivery varied between countries in the East African zone. Home delivery was significantly increased among women aged 20–34 years, higher number of ever born children, rural residence, never married, or formerly married participants. On the contrary, home delivery decreased with higher educational level, media exposure, and higher wealth index. Wide-range interventions to reduce home delivery should focus on addressing inequities associated with maternal education, family wealth, increased access to the media, and narrowing the gap between rural and urban areas, poor and rich families, and married and unmarried mothers.

Background: Every year, immunization prevents about 4– 5 million child fatalities from vaccine preventable morbidities. Conversely, in Ethiopia, achieving full coverage of vaccination has continued to be challenging. Socio-demographic, caregivers and child related factors determine vaccination coverage. Therefore, this study aimed to find out recent coverage, trends in coverage, and its predictors in eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A population-based longitudinal study design was conducted among 14,246 children aged 12– 24 months from 2017 to 2021 in Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System site (KHDSS). The data were collected from caregivers of the child by face to face interview. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to identify predictors of vaccination. The association between vaccination coverage and its predictors was presented by adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. A p-value of < 0.05 was used to establish statistical significance. Results: From the 14,198 included children, only 39% of children were fully vaccinated, with highest proportion in 2020 (45%) and lowest proportion in 2019 (32%). In comparison to fully vaccinated, being partially vaccinated was positively associated with older maternal age, rural residence, unemployment, rich wealth index, no antenatal care, facility delivery, and birth order whereas negatively associated with semi-urban residence. In compared to fully vaccinated, being not vaccinated was positively associated with older maternal age, rural residence, maternal education, unemployment, and no antenatal care whereas negatively associated with semi-urban residence, poor wealth index, multipara, grand multipara, and facility delivery. Conclusion: Less than two-fifths of children aged 12 to 24 months were fully vaccinated. Socio-demographic factors and maternity care utilization were found to be predictors of vaccination coverage. Therefore, strategies that emphasize women’s empowerment in terms of education, economy, and employment status, and enhancing maternal healthcare utilization may improve vaccination coverage.

Background: Nursing practice is centered on caring and nurses’ behaviour has an impact on the quality of patient care and it is predictive of patient satisfaction,however, many nurses, in reality, do not exhibit caring behavior when providing nursing care to clients. This study was aimed to assess the level and predictors of nurse caring behaviors among nurses serving in inpatient departments in public hospitals in Harari Region of Ethiopia from March 10 to April 10, 2021. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 nurses providing inpatient service in public hospitals in the Harari region of eastern Ethiopia. All permanent nurses working in major inpatient services of two public hospitals, namely Jugal General Hospital (JGH) and Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital (HFSUH) were included. The English version of the CNPI-Nurse scale was used to determine the level of caring behavior. The association was reported using the crude and adjusted odds ratios along with the 95% confidence interval. The statistical significance of the association was declared at p-value < 0.05. Result: The caring behavior was classified as high and low based on the median score. According to this study only 51.67% (95% CI:45.97, 57.35%) of nurses had good caring behavior. The odds of having good caring behavior were 2.22 (AOR = 2.22, 95%CI: 1.20, 4.10) times higher among nurses working in good working environment compared to those who work in bad working environment. Nurses who were satisfied with their job had 2.79 (AOR: 2.79, 95%CI: 1.54, 5.08) times higher odds of good caring behavior than those who were not satisfied with their job. Similarly, nurses who had a lower workload had a 3.01 (AOR: 3.01, 95%CI: 1.70, 5.33) times higher probability of having good caring behavior from nurses compared to nurses who reported having a high workload. Conclusion: The level of nurses caring behavior is not satisfactory and it is influenced by working environment characteristics, job satisfaction and workload. Therefore it necessary to creat conducive working environment, provide adequate time and resources inorder to improve the level of nurses caring behaviour.

Background: Various primary studies have been conducted in sub-Saharan countries on the level of health related quality of life (HRQoL) and their associated factors among diabetic patients. However, the result of these studies lacks consistency. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis estimates the pooled level of HRQoL and their associated factors among diabetic patients in sub-Saharan countries. Methods: Electronic databases predominantly PubMed were searched. Databases, such as Google and Google scholar, were searched for gray literature. A funnel plot and Egger’s regression test were used to see publication bias. Heterogeneity of the studies was checked by Forest plot and I-squared statistic. Both inverse-variance fixed-effect and DerSimonian and Laird random-effects methods were applied to estimate the pooled level of HRQoL (for both WHO-QoL-BREF and SF-36) and the effect size of associated factors. Result: From a total 776 retrieved studies, 16 studies were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled mean score of physical health, psychological, social relation and environmental health domain of WHO-QoL-BREF were 43.12, 47.40, 46.60 and 45.59 respectively. Age had a significant association (pooled β = − 0.47), (pooled β = − 0.24), (pooled β = − 0.32) and (pooled β = − 0.03) with physical health, psychological health, social relation and environmental health domains respectively. Being rural residence (pooled β = − 0.32) was inversely associated with environmental health domain of WHO-QoL-BREF. Increased fasting blood sugar had a significant association (pooled β = − 0.08, 95% CI − 0.11, − 0.05), (pooled β = − 0.07) and (pooled β = − 0.004) with physical health, psychological health and environmental health domains respectively. Having Co-morbidity (pooled β = − 6.25) and diabetes related complication (pooled β = − 5.65) were contrarily related to physical health domain of WHO-QoL-BREF. Conclusion: The pooled mean of physical and environmental domains of HRQOL scores was the least compared to the psychological and social domains. Being Old age and rural residence, increased fasting blood sugar, having co-morbidity and diabetic related complications were contrarily related to level of HRQoL. Therefore, we recommend that early detection and treatment of diabetes related complication and comorbidity and control of fasting blood sugar. While doing that due attention should be given for old and rural dwellers.

Background: Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) is one of the most potent zoonotic pathogens that causes mild diarrhea and leads to hemolytic uremic syndrome or death. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of E. coli O157:H7 related to diarrhea among under-five children with acute diarrhea. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was carried out in 2018 on 378 under-five-year children recruited randomly from hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia. Stool specimens were collected and processed using enrichment, differential and selective medium. Among isolates, E. coli O157:H7 was confirmed using latex test (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hants, England). Factors associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection were identified using binary and multivariable logistic regression. Associations were reported by odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Results: The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 related diarrhea was 15.3% (95%CI: 11.8–19.5). The E. coli O157:H7 infection was positively associated with rural residence (AOR;3.75, 95%CI:1.26–11.20), consumption of undercooked meat (AOR;3.95, 95%CI: 1.23–12.67), raw vegetables and/or fruit juice (AOR;3.37, 95%CI:1.32–8.62), presence of bloody diarrhea (AOR;4.42, 95% CI:1.78–10.94), number of under-five children in a household (AOR;7.16, 95%CI: 2.90–17.70), presence of person with diarrhea in a household (AOR;4.22, 95% CI: 1.84–12.69), owning domestic animal (AOR;3.87, 95% CI: 1.48–10.12) and uneducated mother (AOR;3.14, 95%CI: 1.05–9.42). Conclusion: The Prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 related diarrhea among under-five children is relatively high in Eastern Ethiopia. The E. coli infection was associated with sanitation and hygiene in a household. Thus, education focused on food cooking and handling, child care, and household sanitation associated with animal manure in rural resident children are helpful in.