This article proposes a hybrid susceptible–infected–removed model which takes into consideration the spatiotemporal dynamics of the individuals. The model is based on a system of discrete stochastic diffusion equations. To build these equations, the two-dimensional diffusion equations coming from a balanced method are coupled with the human displacement probability law pattern through a discretization made by the finite volume method for complex geometries. The validation of this model is applied to COVID-19 spread. Since it is actual and the statistics are available elsewhere. The case of a developed country is used for simulation under some assumptions. Firstly to fit the chosen displacement pattern, then the accuracy of the statistics provided helps to analyze the sensitivity of the parameters of the model. The results explain the influence of the population movement on the evolution of the spread.

The emergence of BPML (Business Process Modeling Language) has favored the development of languages for the composition of services. Process-oriented approaches produce imperative languages, which are rigid to change at run-time because they focus on how the processes should be built. Despite the fact that semantics is introduced in languages to increase their flexibility, dynamism is limited to find services that have disappeared or become defective. They do not offer the possibility to adapt the composite service to execution. Although rules-based languages were introduced, they remain very much dependent on the BPML which is the underlying technology. This article proposes the specification of a rule-based declarative language for the composition of services. It consists of the syntactic categories which make up the concepts of the language and a formal description of the operational semantics that highlights the dynamism, the flexibility and the adaptability of the language thus defined. This paper also presents a verification framework made of a formal aspect and a toolset. The verification framework translates service specifications into Promela for model checking. Then, a validation framework is proposed that translates the verified specifications to the operational system. Finally, a case study is presented.

The opening and the interconnection of the enterprise information systems, added to the unceasingly increasing changes of the software environments, involve the development (designing) of flexible, interoperable and distributed applications. Thus the existing software systems must evolve to conform to these requirements. The model which currently address this kind of concern is SOA (service oriented architecture). This article deals with the reuse of ADempiere within the framework of the implementation of a service oriented ERP. To operate the migration of the existing code, firstly we reconstituted the architecture of this ERP. This operation made it possible to acquire the technical knowledge necessary to develop services by injection of dependence. The new software resulting from this operation distinctly separates the presentation tier from the back-end. The back-end tier exposes a set of Web services which encapsulates the code of ADempiere. These services can either be in a synchronous way throughout the Spring XFire technology, or in an asynchronous way through Apache ActiveMQ technology.

Unlike conventional software, robotic software suffers from a lack of methods and processes that could systematize and facilitate development. Thus, the application of software engineering techniques is at the heart of current issues in robotics. The work presented in this paper aims to facilitate the development of robotic software and to facilitate communication between experts in the field through the use of software engineering techniques and methods. It proposes RsaML (Robotic Software Architecture Modeling Language), a Domain Specific Modeling Language (DSML) dedicated to robotics, which takes into account the different categories of robotic software architectures and makes it possible to describe the latter independently from the implementation platform. The conceptual model defining the terminology and the hierarchy of concepts used for the description and representation of robotic software architectures in RsaML are presented in this article. RsaML is defined through a meta-model which represents the abstract syntax of the language. The real-time properties of robotic software architectures are identified and included in the meta-model. The use of RsaML is illustrated through several experimental scenarios of the language: the definition of a robotic system and the description of its software architecture, the verification of the semantics of a robotic software architecture, and the modeling of a robotic system whose software architecture does not belong to the usual categories. The support tool used for implementations and experimentation is Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF). The results of experimentation showed good working of the proposed solution and made it possible to validate the main concepts of the RsaML language.