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Purpose: To evaluate if sedentary time (ST) is associated with heart rate (HR) and variability (HRV) in adults. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed and Google Scholar through June 2020. Inclusion criteria were observational design, humans, adults, English language, ST as the exposure, resting HR/HRV as the outcome, and (meta-analysis only) availability of the quantitative association with variability. After qualitative synthesis, meta-analysis used inverse variance heterogeneity models to estimate pooled associations. Results: Thirteen and eight articles met the criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. All studies were cross-sectional and few used gold standard ST or HRV assessment methodology. The qualitative synthesis suggested no associations between ST and HR/HRV. The meta-analysis found a significant association between ST and HR (β = 0.24 bpm per hour ST; CI: 0.10, 0.37) that was stronger in males (β = 0.36 bpm per hour ST; CI: 0.19, 0.53). Pooled associations between ST and HRV indices were non-significant (p > 0.05). Substantial heterogeneity was detected. Conclusions: The limited available evidence suggests an unfavorable but not clinically meaningful association between ST and HR, but no association with HRV. Future longitudinal studies assessing ST with thigh-based monitoring and HRV with electrocardiogram are needed.
Abdullah Bandar Alansare; Lauren C. Bates; Lee Stoner; Christopher E. Kline; Elizabeth Nagle; J. Richard Jennings; Erik D. Hanson; Mark A. Faghy; Bethany Barone Gibbs. Associations of Sedentary Time with Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 8508 .
AMA StyleAbdullah Bandar Alansare, Lauren C. Bates, Lee Stoner, Christopher E. Kline, Elizabeth Nagle, J. Richard Jennings, Erik D. Hanson, Mark A. Faghy, Bethany Barone Gibbs. Associations of Sedentary Time with Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (16):8508.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdullah Bandar Alansare; Lauren C. Bates; Lee Stoner; Christopher E. Kline; Elizabeth Nagle; J. Richard Jennings; Erik D. Hanson; Mark A. Faghy; Bethany Barone Gibbs. 2021. "Associations of Sedentary Time with Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8508.
We used novel statistical techniques and study design characteristics to examine how the cardiovascular disruptions due to prolonged sitting are changed after the consumption of low- and high-glycemic-index meals. The current study indicates that changes in arterial stiffness due to prolonged sitting are not worsened in young, healthy adults after the consumption of a high-glycemic-index meal.
Elizabeth Kelsch; Jake C. Diana; Kathryn Burnet; Erik D. Hanson; Simon F. Fryer; Daniel P. Credeur; Keeron James Stone; Lee Stoner. Arterial stiffness responses to prolonged sitting combined with a high-glycemic-index meal: a double-blind, randomized crossover trial. Journal of Applied Physiology 2021, 131, 229 -237.
AMA StyleElizabeth Kelsch, Jake C. Diana, Kathryn Burnet, Erik D. Hanson, Simon F. Fryer, Daniel P. Credeur, Keeron James Stone, Lee Stoner. Arterial stiffness responses to prolonged sitting combined with a high-glycemic-index meal: a double-blind, randomized crossover trial. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2021; 131 (1):229-237.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElizabeth Kelsch; Jake C. Diana; Kathryn Burnet; Erik D. Hanson; Simon F. Fryer; Daniel P. Credeur; Keeron James Stone; Lee Stoner. 2021. "Arterial stiffness responses to prolonged sitting combined with a high-glycemic-index meal: a double-blind, randomized crossover trial." Journal of Applied Physiology 131, no. 1: 229-237.
Exercise may attenuate immunosenescence with aging that appears to be accelerated following breast cancer treatment, although limited data on specific cell types exists and acute and chronic exercise have been investigated independently in older adults. To determine the mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cell response to acute exercise before (PRE) and after (POST) 16 weeks of exercise training in breast cancer survivors (BCS) and healthy older women (CON). Age-matched BCS and CON performed 45 min of intermittent cycling at 60% peak power output wattage. Blood samples were obtained at rest, immediately (0 h) and 1 h after exercise to determine MAIT cell counts, frequency, and intracellular cytokine expression. At PRE, MAIT cell counts were greater in CON (137%) than BCS at 0 h (46%, p < 0.001), with increased MAIT cell frequency in CON but not BCS. TNFα+ and IFNγ+ MAIT cell counts increased at 0 h by ~120% in CON (p < 0.001), while BCS counts and frequencies were unchanged. Similar deficits were observed in CD3+ and CD3+ CD8+ cells. At POST, exercise-induced mobilization and egress of MAIT cell counts and frequency showed trends towards improvement in BCS that approached levels in CON. Independent of group, TNFα frequency trended to improve (p = 0.053). MAIT mobilization in older BCS following acute exercise was attenuated; however, exercise training may partially rescue these initial deficits, including greater sensitivity to mitogenic stimulation. Using acute exercise before and after interventions provides a unique approach to identify age- and cancer-related immuno-dysfunction that is less apparent at rest.
Erik D. Hanson; Lauren C. Bates; Elizabeth P. Harrell; David B. Bartlett; Jordan T. Lee; Chad W. Wagoner; Mohamdod S. Alzer; Dean J. Amatuli; Brian C. Jensen; Allison M. Deal; Hyman B. Muss; Kirsten A. Nyrop; Claudio L. Battaglini. Exercise training partially rescues impaired mucosal associated invariant t-cell mobilization in breast cancer survivors compared to healthy older women. Experimental Gerontology 2021, 152, 111454 .
AMA StyleErik D. Hanson, Lauren C. Bates, Elizabeth P. Harrell, David B. Bartlett, Jordan T. Lee, Chad W. Wagoner, Mohamdod S. Alzer, Dean J. Amatuli, Brian C. Jensen, Allison M. Deal, Hyman B. Muss, Kirsten A. Nyrop, Claudio L. Battaglini. Exercise training partially rescues impaired mucosal associated invariant t-cell mobilization in breast cancer survivors compared to healthy older women. Experimental Gerontology. 2021; 152 ():111454.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErik D. Hanson; Lauren C. Bates; Elizabeth P. Harrell; David B. Bartlett; Jordan T. Lee; Chad W. Wagoner; Mohamdod S. Alzer; Dean J. Amatuli; Brian C. Jensen; Allison M. Deal; Hyman B. Muss; Kirsten A. Nyrop; Claudio L. Battaglini. 2021. "Exercise training partially rescues impaired mucosal associated invariant t-cell mobilization in breast cancer survivors compared to healthy older women." Experimental Gerontology 152, no. : 111454.
Natural killer (NK) cells from the innate immune system are integral to overall immunity and also in managing the tumor burden during cancer. Breast (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa) are the most common tumors in U.S. adults. Both BCa and PCa are frequently treated with hormone suppression therapies that are associated with numerous adverse effects including direct effects on the immune system. Regular exercise is recommended for cancer survivors to reduce side effects and improve quality of life. Acute exercise is a potent stimulus for NK cells in healthy individuals with current evidence indicating that NK mobilization in individuals with BCa and PCa is comparable. NK cell mobilization results from elevations in shear stress and catecholamine levels. Despite a normal NK cell response to exercise, increases in epinephrine are attenuated in BCa and PCa. The significance of this potential discrepancy still needs to be determined. However, alterations in adrenal hormone signaling are hypothesized to be due to chronic stress during cancer treatment. Additional compensatory factors induced by exercise are reviewed along with recommendations on standardized approaches to be used in exercise immunology studies involving oncology populations.
Erik Hanson; Lauren Bates; Kaileigh Moertl; Elizabeth Evans. Natural Killer Cell Mobilization in Breast and Prostate Cancer Survivors: The Implications of Altered Stress Hormones Following Acute Exercise. Endocrines 2021, 2, 121 -132.
AMA StyleErik Hanson, Lauren Bates, Kaileigh Moertl, Elizabeth Evans. Natural Killer Cell Mobilization in Breast and Prostate Cancer Survivors: The Implications of Altered Stress Hormones Following Acute Exercise. Endocrines. 2021; 2 (2):121-132.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErik Hanson; Lauren Bates; Kaileigh Moertl; Elizabeth Evans. 2021. "Natural Killer Cell Mobilization in Breast and Prostate Cancer Survivors: The Implications of Altered Stress Hormones Following Acute Exercise." Endocrines 2, no. 2: 121-132.
Unconventional T Cells (UTCs) are a unique population of immune cells that links innate and adaptive immunity. Following activation, UTCs contribute to a host of immunological activities, rapidly responding to microbial and viral infections and playing key roles in tumor suppression. Aging and chronic disease both have been shown to adversely affect UTC numbers and function, with increased inflammation, change in body composition, and physical inactivity potentially contributing to the decline. One possibility to augment circulating UTCs is through increased physical activity. Acute exercise is a potent stimulus leading to the mobilization of immune cells while the benefits of exercise training may include anti-inflammatory effects, reductions in fat mass, and improved fitness. We provide an overview of age-related changes in UTCs, along with chronic diseases that are associated with altered UTC number and function. We summarize how UTCs respond to acute exercise and exercise training and discuss potential mechanisms that may lead to improved frequency and function.
Erik D. Hanson; Lauren C. Bates; David B. Bartlett; John P. Campbell. Does exercise attenuate age- and disease-associated dysfunction in unconventional T cells? Shining a light on overlooked cells in exercise immunology. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2021, 121, 1815 -1834.
AMA StyleErik D. Hanson, Lauren C. Bates, David B. Bartlett, John P. Campbell. Does exercise attenuate age- and disease-associated dysfunction in unconventional T cells? Shining a light on overlooked cells in exercise immunology. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2021; 121 (7):1815-1834.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErik D. Hanson; Lauren C. Bates; David B. Bartlett; John P. Campbell. 2021. "Does exercise attenuate age- and disease-associated dysfunction in unconventional T cells? Shining a light on overlooked cells in exercise immunology." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 121, no. 7: 1815-1834.
Exercise training reduces inflammation in breast cancer survivors; however, the mechanism is not fully understood. The effects of acute and chronic exercise on monocyte toll-like receptor (TLR2 and 4) expression and intracellular cytokine production were examined in sedentary breast cancer survivors. Eleven women with stage I, II, or III breast cancer within one year of treatment completion performed an acute, intermittent aerobic exercise trial. Blood samples were obtained before, immediately, and 1 h after a 45-min acute exercise trial that was performed before and after 16 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance. LPS-stimulated intracellular IL-1ß, TNF, and IL-6 production, and TLR2 and TLR4 expression were evaluated in CD14+CD16- and CD14+CD16+ monocytes using flow cytometry. Exercise training decreased IL-1ß+CD14+CD16- proportion (24.6%, p=0.016), IL-1ß+CD14+CD16- mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) (−9989, p=0.014), IL-1ß+CD14+CD16+ MFI (−11101, p=0.02), and IL-6+CD14+CD16- proportion (16.9%, P=0.04). TLR2 and TLR4 expression did not change following exercise training but decreased 1 h after acute exercise in CD14+CD16- (−63, p=0.002) and CD14+CD16+ (−18, p=0.006) monocytes, respectively. Immediately after the acute exercise, both monocyte subgroup cell concentration increased, with CD14+CD16+ concentrations being decreased at 1 h post without changes in intracellular cytokine production. Exercise training reduced monocyte intracellular pro-inflammatory cytokine production, especially IL-1ß, although these markers did not change acutely. While acute exercise downregulated the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 on monocytes, this was not sustained over the course of training. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in breast cancer survivors may be, in part, due to reducing resting monocyte pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
Nasim Khosravi; Erik D. Hanson; Vahid Farajivafa; William S. Evans; Jordan T. Lee; Eli Danson; Chad W. Wagoner; Elizabeth P. Harrell; Stephanie A. Sullivan; Kirsten A. Nyrop; Hyman B. Muss; David B. Bartlett; Brian C. Jensen; Shahpar Haghighat; Mahdieh Molanouri Shamsi; Claudio L. Battaglini. Exercise-induced modulation of monocytes in breast cancer survivors. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health 2021, 14, 100216 .
AMA StyleNasim Khosravi, Erik D. Hanson, Vahid Farajivafa, William S. Evans, Jordan T. Lee, Eli Danson, Chad W. Wagoner, Elizabeth P. Harrell, Stephanie A. Sullivan, Kirsten A. Nyrop, Hyman B. Muss, David B. Bartlett, Brian C. Jensen, Shahpar Haghighat, Mahdieh Molanouri Shamsi, Claudio L. Battaglini. Exercise-induced modulation of monocytes in breast cancer survivors. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health. 2021; 14 ():100216.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNasim Khosravi; Erik D. Hanson; Vahid Farajivafa; William S. Evans; Jordan T. Lee; Eli Danson; Chad W. Wagoner; Elizabeth P. Harrell; Stephanie A. Sullivan; Kirsten A. Nyrop; Hyman B. Muss; David B. Bartlett; Brian C. Jensen; Shahpar Haghighat; Mahdieh Molanouri Shamsi; Claudio L. Battaglini. 2021. "Exercise-induced modulation of monocytes in breast cancer survivors." Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health 14, no. : 100216.
Background Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide and the cardiovascular fitness levels of stroke survivors are diminished to an extent that impairs functioning and activities of daily living performance. While cardiovascular training seems an empirically appropriate intervention, the optimal dosage and intensity of cardiovascular training in stroke survivors remains unclear. The aim was to determine the safety and feasibility of moderate-intensity cardiovascular training following stroke, including measurement of adherence to training. Methods A pilot, prospective, patient- and assessor-blinded randomised controlled trial conducted in a tertiary, metropolitan hospital-based community rehabilitation centre. Eligibility criteria included ambulant (> 100 m), 6 weeks-12 months post stroke. Moderate-intensity fitness training or control (low-intensity) exercise was offered biweekly for 12 weeks. Outcome measures included adverse events, peak oxygen uptake (VO2), functional exercise capacity (6-Minute Walk Test, 10-m Walk Test) and health-related quality of life (Short Form-36) and mood (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ9). Results Feasibility: Seventy-one (50%) of 141 screened participants were eligible (29% did not agree to participate). Twenty participants (10 intervention, 10 control) were recruited. The median (%; IQR) supervised sessions was 19.5 (81%; 12, 20); and 20 (83%; 19, 22) in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Progression of duration and intensity was limited; mean of 10 sessions to achieve target duration (30 min). There were no adverse events. Baseline peak oxygen uptake (VO2) levels were low (15.94 ml/kg/min). Significant improvements in VO2 peak in both groups were observed (p < 0.05). Although there were no significant between-group differences, this feasibility trial was not powered to detect change. Conclusions Moderate-intensity fitness training was safe but achievement of target duration and intensity was challenging for stroke survivors. A definitive adequately-powered randomised trial is required. Alternative fitness training protocols may need to be explored. Trial registration The trial protocol was prospectively registered on the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN 12613000822785) on 25/07/2013.
Hanna Reynolds; Sarah Steinfort; Jane Tillyard; Sarah Ellis; Alan Hayes; Erik D. Hanson; Tissa Wijeratne; Elizabeth H. Skinner. Feasibility and adherence to moderate intensity cardiovascular fitness training following stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurology 2021, 21, 1 -12.
AMA StyleHanna Reynolds, Sarah Steinfort, Jane Tillyard, Sarah Ellis, Alan Hayes, Erik D. Hanson, Tissa Wijeratne, Elizabeth H. Skinner. Feasibility and adherence to moderate intensity cardiovascular fitness training following stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurology. 2021; 21 (1):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanna Reynolds; Sarah Steinfort; Jane Tillyard; Sarah Ellis; Alan Hayes; Erik D. Hanson; Tissa Wijeratne; Elizabeth H. Skinner. 2021. "Feasibility and adherence to moderate intensity cardiovascular fitness training following stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial." BMC Neurology 21, no. 1: 1-12.
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer (PC) has detrimental effects on physical function and quality of life (QoL), but the addition of androgen receptor signalling inhibitors (ARSI) on these outcomes is unclear. To compare body composition, physical function, and QoL across progressive stages of PC and non-cancer controls (CON). In men with hormone sensitive PC (HSPC, n = 43) or metastatic castration-resistant PC (mCRPC, n = 22) or CON (n = 37), relative and absolute lean and fat mass, physical function (6 m walk, chair stands, timed up and go [TUG], stair climb), and QoL were determined. Relative body composition differed amongst all groups, along with ~39% greater absolute fat mass in mCRPC vs. CON. TUG and chair stands were ~71% and ~33% slower in mCRPC compared to both CON and HSPC, whereas stair climb was ~29% and 6 m walk was ~18% slower in mCRPC vs. CON. Relative body composition was correlated with physical function (r = 0.259–0.385). Clinically relevant differences for mCRPC were observed for overall QoL and several subscales vs. CON, although body composition and physical function did not influence QoL. PC progression is associated with deteriorations in body composition and physical function. As ADT length was similar between groups, ARSI use for mCRPC likely contributed in part to these changes. Given the difficulties of improving lean mass during ADT, interventions that reduce adiposity may lessen the side effects of hormone therapy.
Erik D. Hanson; Cameron K. Stopforth; Mohamdod Alzer; Jackson Carver; Alexander R. Lucas; Young E. Whang; Matthew I. Milowsky; David B. Bartlett; Michael R. Harrison; Alan Hayes; Rhonda L. Bitting; Allison M. Deal; A. C. Hackney; Claudio L. Battaglini. Body composition, physical function and quality of life in healthy men and across different stages of prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases 2021, 24, 725 -732.
AMA StyleErik D. Hanson, Cameron K. Stopforth, Mohamdod Alzer, Jackson Carver, Alexander R. Lucas, Young E. Whang, Matthew I. Milowsky, David B. Bartlett, Michael R. Harrison, Alan Hayes, Rhonda L. Bitting, Allison M. Deal, A. C. Hackney, Claudio L. Battaglini. Body composition, physical function and quality of life in healthy men and across different stages of prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. 2021; 24 (3):725-732.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErik D. Hanson; Cameron K. Stopforth; Mohamdod Alzer; Jackson Carver; Alexander R. Lucas; Young E. Whang; Matthew I. Milowsky; David B. Bartlett; Michael R. Harrison; Alan Hayes; Rhonda L. Bitting; Allison M. Deal; A. C. Hackney; Claudio L. Battaglini. 2021. "Body composition, physical function and quality of life in healthy men and across different stages of prostate cancer." Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases 24, no. 3: 725-732.
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, social restrictions to contain the spread of the virus have disrupted behaviors across the 24-h day including physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep among children (5–12 years old) and adolescents (13–17 years old). Preliminary evidence reports significant decreases in physical activity, increases in sedentary behavior, and disrupted sleep schedules/sleep quality in children and adolescents. This commentary discusses the impact of COVID-19-related restrictions on behaviors across the 24-h day in children and adolescents. Furthermore, we suggest recommendations through the lens of a socio-ecological model to provide strategies for lasting behavior change to insure the health and well-being of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Lauren Bates; Gabriel Zieff; Kathleen Stanford; Justin Moore; Zachary Kerr; Erik Hanson; Bethany Barone Gibbs; Christopher Kline; Lee Stoner. COVID-19 Impact on Behaviors across the 24-Hour Day in Children and Adolescents: Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep. Children 2020, 7, 138 .
AMA StyleLauren Bates, Gabriel Zieff, Kathleen Stanford, Justin Moore, Zachary Kerr, Erik Hanson, Bethany Barone Gibbs, Christopher Kline, Lee Stoner. COVID-19 Impact on Behaviors across the 24-Hour Day in Children and Adolescents: Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep. Children. 2020; 7 (9):138.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLauren Bates; Gabriel Zieff; Kathleen Stanford; Justin Moore; Zachary Kerr; Erik Hanson; Bethany Barone Gibbs; Christopher Kline; Lee Stoner. 2020. "COVID-19 Impact on Behaviors across the 24-Hour Day in Children and Adolescents: Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep." Children 7, no. 9: 138.
New Findings What is the central question of this study? What are the characteristics of the NK cell response following acute moderate‐intensity aerobic exercise in prostate cancer survivors and is there a relationship between stress hormones and NK cell mobilization? What is the main finding and its importance? NK cell numbers and proportions changed similarly between prostate cancer survivors and controls following acute exercise. Consecutive training sessions can likely be used without adverse effects on the immune system during prostate cancer treatment. Abstract Prostate cancer treatment affects multiple physiological systems, although the immune response during exercise has been minimally investigated. The objective was to characterize the natural killer (NK) cell response following acute exercise in prostate cancer survivors. Prostate cancer survivors on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and those without (PCa) along with non‐cancer controls (CON) completed a moderate intensity cycling bout. NK cells were phenotyped before and 0, 2 and 24 h after acute exercise using flow cytometry. CD56 total NK cell frequency increased by 6.2% at 0 h (P < 0.001) and decreased by 2.5% at 2 h (P < 0.01) with similar findings in CD56dim cells. NK cell counts also exhibited a biphasic response. Independent of exercise, ADT had intracellular interferon γ (IFNγ) expression that was nearly twofold higher than CON (P < 0.01). PCa perforin expression was reduced by 11.4% (P < 0.05), suggesting these cells may be more prone to degranulation. CD57− NK cells demonstrated increased perforin and IFNγ frequencies after exercise with no change within the CD57+ populations. All NK and leukocyte populations returned to baseline by 24 h. NK cell mobilization and egress with acute exercise appear normal, as cell counts and frequencies in prostate cancer survivors change similarly to CON. However, lower perforin proportions (PCa) and higher IFNγ expression (ADT) may alter NK cytotoxicity and require further investigation. The return of NK cell proportions to resting levels overnight suggests that consecutive training sessions can be used without adverse effects on the immune system during prostate cancer treatment.
Erik D. Hanson; Samy Sakkal; Shadney Que; Eunhan Cho; Guillaume Spielmann; Elif Kadife; John A. Violet; Claudio L. Battaglini; Lee Stoner; David B. Bartlett; Glenn K. McConell; Alan Hayes. Natural killer cell mobilization and egress following acute exercise in men with prostate cancer. Experimental Physiology 2020, 105, 1524 -1539.
AMA StyleErik D. Hanson, Samy Sakkal, Shadney Que, Eunhan Cho, Guillaume Spielmann, Elif Kadife, John A. Violet, Claudio L. Battaglini, Lee Stoner, David B. Bartlett, Glenn K. McConell, Alan Hayes. Natural killer cell mobilization and egress following acute exercise in men with prostate cancer. Experimental Physiology. 2020; 105 (9):1524-1539.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErik D. Hanson; Samy Sakkal; Shadney Que; Eunhan Cho; Guillaume Spielmann; Elif Kadife; John A. Violet; Claudio L. Battaglini; Lee Stoner; David B. Bartlett; Glenn K. McConell; Alan Hayes. 2020. "Natural killer cell mobilization and egress following acute exercise in men with prostate cancer." Experimental Physiology 105, no. 9: 1524-1539.
New Findings What is the central question of this study? What are the cellular and molecular determinants of increased risk for cardiovascular disease from prolonged sitting? What is the main finding and its importance? Prolonged sitting, independent of calf raise interruption strategies, decreases microparticle counts linked to endothelial activation and apoptosis. An acute bout of prolonged sitting appears to promote paradoxical decreases in microparticle counts, but the implications are not yet clear. Abstract Repeated exposure to prolonged sitting increases the risk for cardiovascular disease. However, the cellular links by which repeated exposure to prolonged sitting lead to increased cardiovascular risk have not been fully elucidated, with markers of vascular damage and repair such as microparticles (MPs) and circulating angiogenic cell (CACs) being promising targets. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of 3 h of sitting with or without intermittent calf raises on annexin V+/CD34+, annexin V+/CD62E+, and annexin V+/CD31+/42b− MP populations linked to CAC paracrine activity, endothelial activation and apoptosis, respectively, as well as CD14+/31+, CD3+/31+, and CD34+ CACs, which are linked to endothelial repair. In a random order, 20 sedentary participants (14 females, 22 ± 3 years) remained seated for 180 min with or without performing 10 calf raises every 10 min. Blood samples were obtained after 20 min of quiet rest in the supine position before and after sitting. Overall, sitting decreased annexin V+/CD34+ MPs (−12 ± 5 events µl−1, P < 0.01), annexin V+/CD62E+ MPs (−17 ± 4 events µl−1, P < 0.001), and annexin V+/CD31+/42b− MPs (−22 ± 6 events µl−1, P < 0.001) regardless of condition. There were no differences in endothelin‐1 plasma concentration, CD14+/31+, CD34+ or CD3+/31+ CAC frequencies. Sitting did not alter CAC number, but decreased MPs linked to endothelial activation, apoptosis and CAC paracrine activity in a manner that was independent of muscle contraction. These findings support changes in markers of endothelial activation and apoptosis with sedentary behaviour and provide new insights into altered intercellular communication with physical inactivity such as prolonged sitting.
William Evans; Erik D. Hanson; Daniel D. Shill; Rian Q. Landers‐Ramos; Lee Stoner; Quentin Willey; Daniel P. Credeur; Steven J. Prior. Sitting decreases endothelial microparticles but not circulating angiogenic cells irrespective of lower leg exercises: a randomized cross‐over trial. Experimental Physiology 2020, 105, 1408 -1419.
AMA StyleWilliam Evans, Erik D. Hanson, Daniel D. Shill, Rian Q. Landers‐Ramos, Lee Stoner, Quentin Willey, Daniel P. Credeur, Steven J. Prior. Sitting decreases endothelial microparticles but not circulating angiogenic cells irrespective of lower leg exercises: a randomized cross‐over trial. Experimental Physiology. 2020; 105 (8):1408-1419.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilliam Evans; Erik D. Hanson; Daniel D. Shill; Rian Q. Landers‐Ramos; Lee Stoner; Quentin Willey; Daniel P. Credeur; Steven J. Prior. 2020. "Sitting decreases endothelial microparticles but not circulating angiogenic cells irrespective of lower leg exercises: a randomized cross‐over trial." Experimental Physiology 105, no. 8: 1408-1419.
Low testosterone levels during skeletal muscle disuse did not worsen declines in muscle mass and function, although hypogonadism may attenuate recovery during subsequent reloading. Diets high in casein did not improve outcomes during immobilization or reloading. Practical strategies are needed that do not compromise caloric intake yet provide effective protein doses to augment these adverse effects.
Erik D. Hanson; Andrew C. Betik; Cara Angeline Timpani; John Tarle; Xinmei Zhang; Alan Hayes. Testosterone suppression does not exacerbate disuse atrophy and impairs muscle recovery that is not rescued by high protein. Journal of Applied Physiology 2020, 129, 5 -16.
AMA StyleErik D. Hanson, Andrew C. Betik, Cara Angeline Timpani, John Tarle, Xinmei Zhang, Alan Hayes. Testosterone suppression does not exacerbate disuse atrophy and impairs muscle recovery that is not rescued by high protein. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2020; 129 (1):5-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErik D. Hanson; Andrew C. Betik; Cara Angeline Timpani; John Tarle; Xinmei Zhang; Alan Hayes. 2020. "Testosterone suppression does not exacerbate disuse atrophy and impairs muscle recovery that is not rescued by high protein." Journal of Applied Physiology 129, no. 1: 5-16.
We investigated the effects of testosterone suppression, hindlimb immobilization, and recovery on skeletal muscle Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA), measured via [3H]ouabain binding site content (OB) and NKA isoform abundances (α1–3, β1–2). Male rats underwent castration or sham surgery plus 7 days of rest, 10 days of unilateral immobilization (cast), and 14 days of recovery, with soleus muscles obtained at each time from cast and noncast legs. Testosterone reduction did not modify OB or NKA isoforms in nonimmobilized control muscles. With sham surgery, OB was lower after immobilization in the cast leg than in both the noncast leg (−26%, P = 0.023) and the nonimmobilized control (−34%, P = 0.001), but OB subsequently recovered. With castration, OB was lower after immobilization in the cast leg than in the nonimmobilized control (−34%, P = 0.001), and remained depressed at recovery (−34%, P = 0.001). NKA isoforms did not differ after immobilization or recovery in the sham group. After castration, α2 in the cast leg was ~60% lower than in the noncast leg ( P = 0.004) and nonimmobilized control ( P = 0.004) and after recovery remained lower than the nonimmobilized control (−42%, P = 0.039). After immobilization, β1 was lower in the cast than the noncast leg (−26%, P = 0.018), with β2 lower in the cast leg than in the noncast leg (−71%, P = 0.004) and nonimmobilized control (−65%, P = 0.012). No differences existed for α1 or α3. Thus, both OB and α2 decreased after immobilization and recovery in the castration group, with α2, β1, and β2 isoform abundances decreased with immobilization compared with the sham group. Therefore, testosterone suppression in rats impaired restoration of immobilization-induced lowered number of functional NKA and α2 isoforms in soleus muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: The Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA) is vital in muscle excitability and function. In rats, immobilization depressed soleus muscle NKA, with declines in [3H]ouabain binding, which was restored after 14 days recovery. After testosterone suppression by castration, immobilization depressed [3H]ouabain binding, depressed α2, β1, and β2 isoforms, and abolished subsequent recovery in [3H]ouabain binding and α2 isoforms. This may have implications for functional recovery for inactive men with lowered testosterone levels, such as in prostate cancer or aging.
Muath M. Altarawneh; Erik D. Hanson; Andrew C. Betik; Aaron C. Petersen; Alan Hayes; Michael John McKenna. Effects of testosterone suppression, hindlimb immobilization, and recovery on [3H]ouabain binding site content and Na+, K+-ATPase isoforms in rat soleus muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology 2020, 128, 501 -513.
AMA StyleMuath M. Altarawneh, Erik D. Hanson, Andrew C. Betik, Aaron C. Petersen, Alan Hayes, Michael John McKenna. Effects of testosterone suppression, hindlimb immobilization, and recovery on [3H]ouabain binding site content and Na+, K+-ATPase isoforms in rat soleus muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2020; 128 (3):501-513.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuath M. Altarawneh; Erik D. Hanson; Andrew C. Betik; Aaron C. Petersen; Alan Hayes; Michael John McKenna. 2020. "Effects of testosterone suppression, hindlimb immobilization, and recovery on [3H]ouabain binding site content and Na+, K+-ATPase isoforms in rat soleus muscle." Journal of Applied Physiology 128, no. 3: 501-513.
It is not uncommon for sedentary individuals to cite leg fatigue as the primary factor for test termination during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a cycle ergometer. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 2 weeks of lower body resistance training (RT) on cardiopulmonary capacity in sedentary middle-aged females. Additionally, the impact of RT on muscle strength was evaluated. Following familiarization, 28 women (18 exercise group, 10 control group) completed a maximal CPET on a cycle ergometer to determine peak oxygen uptake and leg extensor strength assessed using isokinetic dynamometry. Participants in the exercise group performed 2 weeks (6 sessions) of lower body RT, which comprised leg press, leg curl, and leg extension exercises. A 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to evaluate the difference in changes of peak oxygen uptake and peak torque (PT). Peak oxygen uptake significantly improved from 22.2 ± 4.5 mL·kg−1·min−1 to 24.3 ± 4.4 mL·kg−1·min−1 (10.8%, p < 0.05) as well as PT from 83.1 ± 25.4 Nm to 89.0 ± 29.7 Nm (6.1%, p < 0.05) in the exercise group with no change in the control group. These findings provide initial evidence that 2 weeks of lower body RT prior to a CPET may be a helpful preconditioning strategy to achieve a more accurate peak oxygen uptake during testing, enhancing tolerability to a CPET by improving lower body strength.
Chad W. Wagoner; Erik D. Hanson; Eric D. Ryan; Ryan Brooks; William A. Wood; Brian C. Jensen; Jordan T. Lee; Erin M. Coffman; Claudio L. Battaglini. Two weeks of lower body resistance training enhances cycling tolerability to improve precision of maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing in sedentary middle-aged females. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 2019, 44, 1159 -1164.
AMA StyleChad W. Wagoner, Erik D. Hanson, Eric D. Ryan, Ryan Brooks, William A. Wood, Brian C. Jensen, Jordan T. Lee, Erin M. Coffman, Claudio L. Battaglini. Two weeks of lower body resistance training enhances cycling tolerability to improve precision of maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing in sedentary middle-aged females. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2019; 44 (11):1159-1164.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChad W. Wagoner; Erik D. Hanson; Eric D. Ryan; Ryan Brooks; William A. Wood; Brian C. Jensen; Jordan T. Lee; Erin M. Coffman; Claudio L. Battaglini. 2019. "Two weeks of lower body resistance training enhances cycling tolerability to improve precision of maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing in sedentary middle-aged females." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 44, no. 11: 1159-1164.
We determined the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) on long-term adaptations and post-exercise molecular responses in skeletal muscle before and after resistance training. Sixteen men (22.9 ± 4.6 y; 85.1 ± 17.9 kg; mean ± SD) performed resistance training (3 day/wk) for 7 wk, with each session followed by either CWI [15 min at 10°C, CWI (COLD) group, n = 8] or passive recovery (15 min at 23°C, control group, n = 8). Exercise performance [one-repetition maximum (1-RM) leg press and bench press, countermovement jump, squat jump, and ballistic push-up], body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry), and post-exercise (i.e., +1 and +48 h) molecular responses were assessed before and after training. Improvements in 1-RM leg press were similar between groups [130 ± 69 kg, pooled effect size (ES): 1.53 ± 90% confidence interval (CI) 0.49], whereas increases in type II muscle fiber cross-sectional area were attenuated with CWI (−1,959 ± 1,675 µM2 ; ES: −1.37 ± 0.99). Post-exercise mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling (rps6 phosphorylation) was blunted for COLD at post-training (POST) +1 h (−0.4-fold, ES: −0.69 ± 0.86) and POST +48 h (−0.2-fold, ES: −1.33 ± 0.82), whereas basal protein degradation markers (FOX-O1 protein content) were increased (1.3-fold, ES: 2.17 ± 2.22). Training-induced increases in heat shock protein (HSP) 27 protein content were attenuated for COLD (−0.8-fold, ES: −0.94 ± 0.82), which also reduced total HSP72 protein content (−0.7-fold, ES: −0.79 ± 0.57). CWI blunted resistance training-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not maximal strength, potentially via reduced skeletal muscle protein anabolism and increased catabolism. Post-exercise CWI should therefore be avoided if muscle hypertrophy is desired. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study adds to existing evidence that post-exercise cold water immersion attenuates muscle fiber growth with resistance training, which is potentially mediated by attenuated post-exercise increases in markers of skeletal muscle anabolism coupled with increased catabolism and suggests that blunted muscle fiber growth with cold water immersion does not necessarily translate to impaired strength development.
Jackson J. Fyfe; James R. Broatch; Adam J. Trewin; Erik D. Hanson; Christos K. Argus; Andrew P. Garnham; Shona L. Halson; Remco C. Polman; David J. Bishop; Aaron C. Petersen. Cold water immersion attenuates anabolic signaling and skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not strength gain, following whole-body resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology 2019, 127, 1403 -1418.
AMA StyleJackson J. Fyfe, James R. Broatch, Adam J. Trewin, Erik D. Hanson, Christos K. Argus, Andrew P. Garnham, Shona L. Halson, Remco C. Polman, David J. Bishop, Aaron C. Petersen. Cold water immersion attenuates anabolic signaling and skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not strength gain, following whole-body resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2019; 127 (5):1403-1418.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJackson J. Fyfe; James R. Broatch; Adam J. Trewin; Erik D. Hanson; Christos K. Argus; Andrew P. Garnham; Shona L. Halson; Remco C. Polman; David J. Bishop; Aaron C. Petersen. 2019. "Cold water immersion attenuates anabolic signaling and skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not strength gain, following whole-body resistance training." Journal of Applied Physiology 127, no. 5: 1403-1418.
Prolonged sitting has been shown to promote endothelial dysfunction in the lower legs. Furthermore, it has been reported that simple sitting-interruption strategies, including calf raises, prevent leg endothelial dysfunction. However, it is unclear whether prolonged sitting affects central cardiovascular health, or whether simple sitting-interruption strategies prevent impaired central cardiovascular health. This study sought to answer two questions: in young, healthy adults 1) does prolonged sitting (3 h) lead to increased aortic stiffness, and 2) do intermittent calf raise exercises to prevent pooling prevent aortic stiffening. Twenty young, healthy participants (21.7 ± 2.5 yr, 70% female, 25.5 ± 6.1 kg/m2) were randomized to 3 h of sitting with (CALF) or without (CON) 10 calf raises every 10 min. Aortic stiffening [carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV)] was measured in the supine position pre- and post-sitting. Venous pooling during sitting was estimated with total hemoglobin (tHB) concentration using near-infrared spectroscopy. There were no condition × time interactions. Following 3 h of sitting, PWV significantly increased (0.30 ± 0.46 m/s, P < 0.001). There was no condition effect for PWV (P = 0.694), indicating the intermittent calf rises did not preserve central cardiovascular health. tHb was not significantly affected by sitting (P = 0.446) but was 1.9 μM higher for CON versus CALF (P = 0.106). Sitting increases aortic stiffness in young, healthy individuals, a process that may be influenced by lower extremity blood pooling. Calf raises, which have been reported to preserve vascular function in the legs, do not appear to provide sufficient stimulus for maintaining central cardiovascular health.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although simple strategies, such as fidgeting or calf raises, are sufficient for preserving vascular function in the legs, data from the current study indicate that such strategies are not sufficient for maintaining central cardiovascular health, which is linked to cardiovascular disease.
William Evans; Lee Stoner; Quentin Willey; Elizabeth Kelsch; Daniel P. Credeur; Erik D. Hanson. Local exercise does not prevent the aortic stiffening response to acute prolonged sitting: a randomized crossover trial. Journal of Applied Physiology 2019, 127, 781 -787.
AMA StyleWilliam Evans, Lee Stoner, Quentin Willey, Elizabeth Kelsch, Daniel P. Credeur, Erik D. Hanson. Local exercise does not prevent the aortic stiffening response to acute prolonged sitting: a randomized crossover trial. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2019; 127 (3):781-787.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilliam Evans; Lee Stoner; Quentin Willey; Elizabeth Kelsch; Daniel P. Credeur; Erik D. Hanson. 2019. "Local exercise does not prevent the aortic stiffening response to acute prolonged sitting: a randomized crossover trial." Journal of Applied Physiology 127, no. 3: 781-787.
Anti-cancer therapies lead to chronic non-resolving inflammation and reduced immune function. One potential therapy is exercise training, but the effectiveness of these interventions to improve immune-related outcomes, the gaps in the literature, and recommendations to progress the field need to be determined. (1) to conduct separate meta-analyses in cancer survivors to determine the effects of exercise training on pro- and anti-inflammatory markers, and immune cell proportions and function; and (2) to perform subgroup analyses to determine whether exercise modality, cancer type, and specific markers help to explain heterogeneity in each meta-analysis. Electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and CINAHL) from inception to March 2018. The reference lists of eligible articles and relevant reviews were also checked. Inclusion criteria were adult cancer survivors from randomized controlled trials performing structured exercise intervention (aerobic, resistance or combined training or Tai Chi/yoga) compared to usual care control group and included pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and/or immune cell outcomes. A total of 5349 potentially eligible articles were identified, of which 26 articles (27 trials) met the inclusion criteria. Effect sizes were calculated as standardized mean differences (SMD), where < 0.2 was defined as trivial, 0.2–0.3 as small, 0.4–0.8 as moderate, and > 0.8 as a large effect. Exercise training decreased pro-inflammatory markers (SMD: -0.2, 95% CI: -0.4, -0.1, p < 0.001). Sub-group analysis for the pro-inflammatory markers indicated that combined aerobic and resistance training had the greatest effect (SMD: -0.3, 95% CI: -0.5, -1.9, p < 0.001), that prostate (SMD: -0.5, 95% CI: -0.8, 0.1, p = 0.004) and breast cancer populations were most responsive (SMD: -0.2, 95% CI: -0.3, –0.1, p = 0.001), and that C-reactive protein (SMD: -0.5, 95% CI: -0.9, -0.06, p = 0.025) and tumor necrosis factor (SMD: -0.3, 95% CI: -0.5, –0.06, p = 0.004) were the most sensitive to change. Exercise training tended to decrease anti-inflammatory markers (p = 0.072) but had no effect on natural killer or natural killer T cell proportions or cytotoxic activity. Exercise training reduces pro-inflammatory markers in cancer survivors, with the strongest evidence for combined training and for prostate and breast cancer survivors. Further research is warranted to determine if these changes are clinically relevant or are associated with improvements in symptoms. To strengthen future research, focusing on novel immune populations that include functional parameters and standardized reporting of key immune outcomes is recommended.
Nasim Khosravi; Lee Stoner; Vahid Farajivafa; Erik D. Hanson. Exercise training, circulating cytokine levels and immune function in cancer survivors: A meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2019, 81, 92 -104.
AMA StyleNasim Khosravi, Lee Stoner, Vahid Farajivafa, Erik D. Hanson. Exercise training, circulating cytokine levels and immune function in cancer survivors: A meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2019; 81 ():92-104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNasim Khosravi; Lee Stoner; Vahid Farajivafa; Erik D. Hanson. 2019. "Exercise training, circulating cytokine levels and immune function in cancer survivors: A meta-analysis." Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 81, no. : 92-104.
Erik D. Hanson; Jackson L. Carver; Alexander Lucas; Michael Bass; Mohamdod Alzer; Young Whang; Michael Harrison; Matthew I. Milowsky; Rhonda L. Bitting; Claudio L. Battaglini. High Adherence To Home-Based Exercise Improves Muscle Strength And Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Advanced Prostate Cancer. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2019, 51, 6 -7.
AMA StyleErik D. Hanson, Jackson L. Carver, Alexander Lucas, Michael Bass, Mohamdod Alzer, Young Whang, Michael Harrison, Matthew I. Milowsky, Rhonda L. Bitting, Claudio L. Battaglini. High Adherence To Home-Based Exercise Improves Muscle Strength And Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Advanced Prostate Cancer. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2019; 51 (6S):6-7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErik D. Hanson; Jackson L. Carver; Alexander Lucas; Michael Bass; Mohamdod Alzer; Young Whang; Michael Harrison; Matthew I. Milowsky; Rhonda L. Bitting; Claudio L. Battaglini. 2019. "High Adherence To Home-Based Exercise Improves Muscle Strength And Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Advanced Prostate Cancer." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 51, no. 6S: 6-7.
Supplementation with vitamin D helps to alleviate weakness and fatigue seen with deficiency. However, large bolus doses appear to worsen the risk of falls. Whether this occurs as a direct result of muscle weakness is currently unknown. Thus, the aims of this study were to examine the muscle function following administration of high doses of vitamin D. Given the safety issues associated with bolus doses, experiments were conducted on C57BL6 mice. Mice at eight weeks of age with otherwise normal levels of vitamin D were supplemented for four weeks with a high dose (HIGH; n = 12) of vitamin D (20000 IU/kg food) designed to provide a year’s worth of vitamin D. These mice were compared to another group who received that same yearly dose in a single bolus i.p. injection (YEAR; n = 12). Mice provided with standard mouse chow, which contained 1000 IU/kg food, and injected with the vitamin D vehicle were used as controls (CON; n = 16). Force and fatigue properties of hind limb fast- and slow-twitch muscles were measured. CON animals ingested vitamin D consistent with typical human supplementation. HIGH animals consumed significantly more food than the CON animals, such that they ingested more than a year’s worth of vitamin D in four weeks. Despite this, there were few differences in the muscle function compared with CON. YEAR animals demonstrated lower absolute and relative forces in both muscles compared to the HIGH animals, as well as lower force during fatigue and early recovery. Large bolus doses of vitamin D appear to have detrimental effects on the skeletal muscle function, likely being a contributor to increased risk of falls observed with similar doses in humans. Mice ingesting the same amount over four weeks did not demonstrate the same deleterious effects, suggesting this may be a safe way to provide high vitamin D if required.
Alan Hayes; Emma Rybalka; Danielle Debruin; Erik Hanson; David Scott; Kerrie Sanders. The Effect of Yearly-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Muscle Function in Mice. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1097 .
AMA StyleAlan Hayes, Emma Rybalka, Danielle Debruin, Erik Hanson, David Scott, Kerrie Sanders. The Effect of Yearly-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Muscle Function in Mice. Nutrients. 2019; 11 (5):1097.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlan Hayes; Emma Rybalka; Danielle Debruin; Erik Hanson; David Scott; Kerrie Sanders. 2019. "The Effect of Yearly-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Muscle Function in Mice." Nutrients 11, no. 5: 1097.
Vitamin D (VitD) has shown to be beneficial in reversing muscle weakness and atrophy associated with VitD deficiency. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is characterized by worsening muscle weakness and muscle atrophy, with VitD deficiency commonly observed. This study aimed to investigate the effect of VitD supplementation on dystrophic skeletal muscle. Eight-week old female control (C57BL/10; n = 29) and dystrophic (C57BL/mdx; n = 23) mice were randomly supplemented with one of three VitD enriched diets (1000, 8000 & 20,000 IU/kg chow). Following a four-week feeding period, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles contractile and fatigue properties were tested ex vivo, followed by histological analysis. As expected, mdx muscles displayed higher mass yet lower specific forces and a rightward shift in their force frequency relationship consistent with dystrophic pathology. There was a trend for mdx muscle mass to be larger following the 20,000 IU/kg diet, but this did not result in improved force production. Fiber area in the EDL was larger in mdx compared to controls, and there were higher amounts of damage in both muscles, with VitD supplementation having no effect. Four weeks of VitD supplementation did not appear to have any impact upon dystrophic skeletal muscle pathology at this age.
Danielle A. DeBruin; Nicola Andreacchio; Erik D. Hanson; Cara A. Timpani; Emma Rybalka; Alan Hayes. The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle in the mdx Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Sports 2019, 7, 96 .
AMA StyleDanielle A. DeBruin, Nicola Andreacchio, Erik D. Hanson, Cara A. Timpani, Emma Rybalka, Alan Hayes. The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle in the mdx Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Sports. 2019; 7 (5):96.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDanielle A. DeBruin; Nicola Andreacchio; Erik D. Hanson; Cara A. Timpani; Emma Rybalka; Alan Hayes. 2019. "The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle in the mdx Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy." Sports 7, no. 5: 96.