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Prof. Dr. Konstantinos (Kostas) Voudouris
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

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0 Water Quality
0 Groundwater Management
0 Aquifer Vulnerability
0 Simulation of water flow
0 Water supply technologies

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Groundwater Management

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Journal article
Published: 24 March 2021 in Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece
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Karst groundwater is an important natural resource for the water supply. The karst aquifer systems of Greece are developed within carbonate sedimentary (limestone, dolomite) and metamorphic rocks (marbles) and contribute significantly to water supply for domestic and irrigation use. They are discharged through springs: submarine, coastal brackish and inland freshwater springs. This review presents the general characteristics of karst aquifers focusing on hydraulic properties. Evaluation of the results shows that the hydraulic parameters of the karstic aquifer systems range within a large scale of values depending on karstification, tectonics and stratigraphy. High values of transmissivity and specific capacity are recorded in the upper stratigraphically levels of the karstic aquifer systems. In addition, a total of 229 different karst systems were classified according to five criteria: 1) Lithology, 2) Position, 3) Quality status, 4) Exploitation and quantitative status and 5) Discharge of springs. The majority (80%) of karst systems is developed in sedimentary rocks (limestones) and is of good water quality and quantitative status. Poor water quality status is recorded in coastal karst aquifers (mainly on islands) due to seawater intrusion phenomena. Finally, this work summarizes the characteristics of the karst aquifers in Greece in order to ensure the sustainable management of groundwater resources.

ACS Style

Konstantinos S. Voudouris. Status and codification of karst aquifer systems in Greece. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 2021, 57, 23 -51.

AMA Style

Konstantinos S. Voudouris. Status and codification of karst aquifer systems in Greece. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece. 2021; 57 (1):23-51.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Konstantinos S. Voudouris. 2021. "Status and codification of karst aquifer systems in Greece." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 57, no. 1: 23-51.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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Coastal agricultural watersheds face complex problems of water quantity and quality.  In many coastal agricultural watersheds, the problems arise from: i) the limited use of surface water, ii) the excessive groundwater abstractions for irrigation, and iii) the over-fertilization practices for crop yield magnification. These complex and interrelated problems may be studied by using an integrated modelling system of surface water and groundwater able to simulate the processes regarding the quantity and quality of water. In this study, water resources management and agronomic scenarios are developed for the evaluation of the quantity and quality of the groundwater system of the semi-arid coastal agricultural Almyros Basin, in Thessaly, Greece. The historical and current unsustainable irrigation and fertilization practices, the groundwater abstractions, and the limited use of surface water reservoirs have caused a large water deficit of the aquifer system, groundwater nitrate contamination and seawater intrusion, resulting in severe degradation of water resources. Land use change and agronomic scenarios, as well as, reservoir operation scenarios, are combined and simulated using an integrated modelling system.   The Integrated Modelling System consists of coupled models of: surface hydrology (UTHBAL), groundwater flow (MODFLOW), agronomic practices and nitrate leaching (REPIC, an R-ArcGIS based EPIC model), nitrate transport (MT3DMS), and seawater intrusion (SEAWAT). The models have been calibrated and validated against observations/measurements of various variables, e.g. groundwater table levels, crop yields, nitrate concentrations and chloride concentrations.  The feasibility of the simulation of the various scenarios have been, also, evaluated with indices of Crop Water Productivity (CWP), Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) and Economic Water Productivity (EWP).

ACS Style

Aikaterini Lyra; Athanasios Loukas; Konstantinos Voudouris; Nikitas Mylopoulos. Evaluation of water resources management and agronomic scenarios using an integrated modelling system for coastal agricultural watersheds: The case of Almyros Basin, Thessaly, Greece. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Aikaterini Lyra, Athanasios Loukas, Konstantinos Voudouris, Nikitas Mylopoulos. Evaluation of water resources management and agronomic scenarios using an integrated modelling system for coastal agricultural watersheds: The case of Almyros Basin, Thessaly, Greece. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aikaterini Lyra; Athanasios Loukas; Konstantinos Voudouris; Nikitas Mylopoulos. 2021. "Evaluation of water resources management and agronomic scenarios using an integrated modelling system for coastal agricultural watersheds: The case of Almyros Basin, Thessaly, Greece." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 03 March 2021
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The transboundary aquifers are of utmost importance to sustain water supply in present days. The exploitation of these aquifers has to be only in a sustainable and rational way, in order to sustain the quantity and quality of the aquifers' groundwater. A transboundary aquifer is developed in karstified limestones between the lakes Great Prespa (shared between North Macedonia, Albania, and Greece ) and Ohrid (shared between North Macedonia and Albania). The karst mountainous area is characterized by the presence of numerous crevices, sinkholes, as surface forms, and caves, canals, etc., as underground forms. The elevation of Prespa Lake is about 153 m higher than that of Ohrid Lake, and the two lakes represent a common hydraulic system, protected by international conventions. Prespa Lake is characterized by a continuous decline in water level during the last decades. The transboundary karstic aquifer is a complex system, discharging through numerous karstic springs (e.g., Saint Naum, Tushemisht, etc.), and operating as a hydrocollector and hydroconductor between the lakes. The aquifer is vulnerable to external pollution, as well as to climate changes affecting the lakes’ ecosystems. Agriculture, livestock, and tourism are the main activities in the wider area.

The DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) model, adopted by European Environmental Agency, was applied in GIS context, in order to study and analyze the main causes of pressures and to optimize the measures for integrated aquifer management. In addition, the aim of DPSIR technique is the correlation of the driving forces and pressures with the present status of the complex hydraulic system and finally to optimize the aquifer management. The major driving forces that affect the Prespa-Ohrid basin are the irrigated agriculture, the livestock, the tourism development, and population growth. The main pressures are the overexploitation of the aquifer, water pollution, and the decline of the water level of Lake Prespa.

Based on the results of DPSIR, a set of measures and appropriate policy responses are proposed. Finally, DPSIR is a valuable tool for local authorities and administrators in order to plan and implement strategies for integrated and sustainable management of the transboundary karst aquifer and its dependent ecosystems.

ACS Style

Konstantinos Voudouris; Emanuela Kiri; Hamza Reci; Elpida Kolokytha. Application of DPSIR method for integrated management of the transboundary aquifer in Prespa-Ohrid basin. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Konstantinos Voudouris, Emanuela Kiri, Hamza Reci, Elpida Kolokytha. Application of DPSIR method for integrated management of the transboundary aquifer in Prespa-Ohrid basin. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Konstantinos Voudouris; Emanuela Kiri; Hamza Reci; Elpida Kolokytha. 2021. "Application of DPSIR method for integrated management of the transboundary aquifer in Prespa-Ohrid basin." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 03 December 2020 in Environments
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Groundwater quality deterioration and overexploitation constitute two critical environmental issues worldwide. In this study, with the aim to achieve a groundwater sustainability purpose, a preliminary hydrogeochemical survey is conducted in the Flamouria basin, Pella prefecture, Northern Greece using available and collected data. For this purpose, chemical analyses of groundwater, springs, and surface water were collected and analyzed with three electrical resistivity tomographies (ERTs). A Groundwater Quality Index (GQI), along with a nitrate susceptibility assessment is applied within the porous aquifer. The water quality analysis along with GQI application showed excellent water quality for potable and irrigation use however highlighted future issue for irrigation utilization as the high alkalinity and total dissolved solid (TDS)could generate excessive soil salinization. Moreover, the application of a methodology for the identification of “Nitrate Vulnerable Zone” called the Protection from Natural and Anthropogenic sources (PNA) highlighted the natural susceptibility to nitrate pollution of the porous aquifer, especially in the central part of the area where most agricultural activity is localized. The work further confirmed how the proposed elaboration could represent an easy and widely applicable hydrological assessment where there is also limited data available.

ACS Style

Matthias Bannenberg; Maria Margarita Ntona; Gianluigi Busico; Kyriaki Kalaitzidou; Manassis Mitrakas; George Vargemezis; Ilias Fikos; Nerantzis Kazakis; Konstantinos Voudouris. Hydrogeological and Hydrochemical Regime Evaluation in Flamouria Basin in Edessa (Northern Greece). Environments 2020, 7, 105 .

AMA Style

Matthias Bannenberg, Maria Margarita Ntona, Gianluigi Busico, Kyriaki Kalaitzidou, Manassis Mitrakas, George Vargemezis, Ilias Fikos, Nerantzis Kazakis, Konstantinos Voudouris. Hydrogeological and Hydrochemical Regime Evaluation in Flamouria Basin in Edessa (Northern Greece). Environments. 2020; 7 (12):105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthias Bannenberg; Maria Margarita Ntona; Gianluigi Busico; Kyriaki Kalaitzidou; Manassis Mitrakas; George Vargemezis; Ilias Fikos; Nerantzis Kazakis; Konstantinos Voudouris. 2020. "Hydrogeological and Hydrochemical Regime Evaluation in Flamouria Basin in Edessa (Northern Greece)." Environments 7, no. 12: 105.

Journal article
Published: 28 March 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Human activities are deeply connected with groundwater reservoirs, so protecting them from pollution has become a priority in many regions of the world. Nitrate is considered the main groundwater pollutant since it is directly linked to many human activities. Agricultural activities and domestic wastewater have been identified as the main sources of nitrate in groundwater. Nevertheless, there are some natural processes that can mitigate nitrate pollution. Together with dilution processes, the degradation of nitrate through denitrification has been acknowledge as a process that can potentially reduce nitrogen loads, in both deep and shallow aquifers. Usually these processes were not properly quantified in vulnerability assessment methods, until the introduction of LOS indices. In this study, the application of the LOS indices on 4 agricultural areas is discussed, highlighting how the LOS indices can identify portions of the landscape with higher potential denitrification and how they directly enhance the groundwater vulnerability assessment. Previous studies have shown that LOS indices are a valuable tool for proper vulnerability assessment to nitrate, however they need to be coupled with other parameters that also describe nitrate behavior in groundwater. The SINTACS-SVN and DRASTIC-PA methods that include the LOS indices, were applied for the first time in the Epanomi coastal area to evaluate the reliably of the assessment and, despite the different classes range and the weights applied, similar groundwater vulnerability assessment maps were obtained. The nitrate vulnerability maps were comparable with the observed nitrate concentrations and were found to be highly comparable with original LOS maps. Nevertheless, it should be kept in mind that vulnerability methods are only screening tools and groundwater quality observations are pivotal information for environmental management.

ACS Style

Gianluigi Busico; Nerantzis Kazakis; Nicolò Colombani; Khabat Khosravi; Konstantinos Voudouris; Micòl Mastrocicco. The Importance of Incorporating Denitrification in the Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 2328 .

AMA Style

Gianluigi Busico, Nerantzis Kazakis, Nicolò Colombani, Khabat Khosravi, Konstantinos Voudouris, Micòl Mastrocicco. The Importance of Incorporating Denitrification in the Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (7):2328.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gianluigi Busico; Nerantzis Kazakis; Nicolò Colombani; Khabat Khosravi; Konstantinos Voudouris; Micòl Mastrocicco. 2020. "The Importance of Incorporating Denitrification in the Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7: 2328.

Original paper
Published: 16 March 2020 in Natural Hazards
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Floods as diachronic and international phenomena affect numerous people, buildings and infrastructure. Throughout human history, floods are the most lethal and have caused more economic losses than other natural disasters. In this review, the history of floods is considered focusing in ancient Greece since the early Bronze Age. Ancient Greeks avoided living near lakes and rivers probably for hygiene reasons and protection from floods. Representative impressive hydraulic anti-flooding works including dams, walls, channels from different cities and other settlements in the Minoan era, and the Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic and Roman period are presented. It is concluded that the risk with respect to flood events is more severe today than in ancient times. The ongoing urbanization and deforestation through the centuries have led to an increasing and unmanageable flood risk. For this reason, a set of special measures should be applied in vulnerable areas aiming to mitigate severe damages that floods might cause, including anti-flooding dams, water flow diverting technologies, rainwater harvesting and rain gardens for stormwater retention, reforestation and other smart environmental strategies. The examples of anti-flood hydro-technologies described in this paper may have some relevance for water engineering even in modern times.

ACS Style

A. N. Angelakis; G. Antoniou; K. Voudouris; Nerantzis Kazakis; N. Dalezios; N. Dercas. History of floods in Greece: causes and measures for protection. Natural Hazards 2020, 101, 833 -852.

AMA Style

A. N. Angelakis, G. Antoniou, K. Voudouris, Nerantzis Kazakis, N. Dalezios, N. Dercas. History of floods in Greece: causes and measures for protection. Natural Hazards. 2020; 101 (3):833-852.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. N. Angelakis; G. Antoniou; K. Voudouris; Nerantzis Kazakis; N. Dalezios; N. Dercas. 2020. "History of floods in Greece: causes and measures for protection." Natural Hazards 101, no. 3: 833-852.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2019 in Environments
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The aim of this study was the assessment of groundwater vulnerability and pollution risk of the Perivleptos karst aquifer in the northwestern part of Greece. Hence, the EPIK method has been applied within the study area. Additionally, a detailed literature overview has been obtained, including the worldwide application of the EPIK method. The hazard map has been developed for the implementation of risk assessment. The resulting vulnerability map was divided into four classes and showed especially high to very high vulnerability. The subsequent hazard assessment has shown mostly low to moderate endangerment for the northern part of the study area, which is mainly covered by forest, while the areas covered by urban and industrial, as well as agricultural land, use primarily show high to very high endangerment. Concluding in the risk map, the study area consists of 13% of very high, 48% of high, 36% of moderate and 4% of low risk of contamination. According to the literature overview, the EPIK method was mostly used in combination with other vulnerability assessment methods, and results have been validated through tracer tests, sensitivity analysis or comparing to other methods. In this study, an additional single parameter sensitivity analysis was obtained for validation of the EPIK parameters.

ACS Style

Anastasia Vogelbacher; Nerantzis Kazakis; Konstantinos Voudouris; Steffen Bold. Groundwater Vulnerability and Risk Assessment in A Karst Aquifer of Greece Using EPIK Method. Environments 2019, 6, 116 .

AMA Style

Anastasia Vogelbacher, Nerantzis Kazakis, Konstantinos Voudouris, Steffen Bold. Groundwater Vulnerability and Risk Assessment in A Karst Aquifer of Greece Using EPIK Method. Environments. 2019; 6 (11):116.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anastasia Vogelbacher; Nerantzis Kazakis; Konstantinos Voudouris; Steffen Bold. 2019. "Groundwater Vulnerability and Risk Assessment in A Karst Aquifer of Greece Using EPIK Method." Environments 6, no. 11: 116.

Proceedings
Published: 15 November 2018 in Proceedings
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The importance of climate data in hydrological process simulation is widely recognized. Evaluation of the hydrological budget response to climate variability is required, especially in water resource management. The present paper illustrates a case study of a sensitivity analysis for the hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) using climate data from the Havrias river basin in northern Greece. The ERA-Interim reanalysis daily climate data were used as input data to drive the SWAT model. The SWAT model was calibrated for the period from 1981 to 2000. The sensitivity of the hydrological parameters to the alteration of the climate data was analyzed by using eleven hypothetical scenarios. These scenarios regard different combinations of temperature, wind speed, precipitation, and relative humidity. The results show that the changes of precipitation temperature and relative humidity have a significant influence in evapotranspiration and percolation (and consequently recharge) in the study region. On the contrary, the wind speed negligibly affects the hydrological components. Overall, the Havrias river basin hydrological budget is sensitive to shifts in climate data and the utilization of reliable and accurate climate models outputs is necessary in order for water managers to be able to build scenarios providing sustainability against potential future climate change impacts.

ACS Style

Panagiota Venetsanou; Christina Anagnostopoulou; Athanasios Loukas; Konstantinos Voudouris. A Regional Sensitivity Analysis of a Multi-Variable Hydrological Model: A Case Study of a Greek Catchment. Proceedings 2018, 7, 1 .

AMA Style

Panagiota Venetsanou, Christina Anagnostopoulou, Athanasios Loukas, Konstantinos Voudouris. A Regional Sensitivity Analysis of a Multi-Variable Hydrological Model: A Case Study of a Greek Catchment. Proceedings. 2018; 7 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panagiota Venetsanou; Christina Anagnostopoulou; Athanasios Loukas; Konstantinos Voudouris. 2018. "A Regional Sensitivity Analysis of a Multi-Variable Hydrological Model: A Case Study of a Greek Catchment." Proceedings 7, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 08 April 2018 in Geosciences
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The alluvial aquifer system of the Florina basin (320 km2) in North Greece is a representative area where irrigated agriculture is applied. Groundwater is the main source of water. The highest and mean nitrate concentrations in groundwater are 67.9 mg/L and 25 mg/L, respectively. High values could be associated with the use of nitrogen fertilizers from agricultural activities. This study deals with the evaluation of the groundwater quality. For this reason, hydrochemical analyses from 29 groundwater samples and water level measurements were performed for the wet and dry periods of 2016. The suitability of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes is examined by using different indices (Chlorinity Index, SAR, Sodium Percentage, Potential Salinity and Kelly’s index). In addition, the DRASTIC method was modified by using statistical methods, land use map and nitrate concentrations and applied in order to assess the groundwater vulnerability to external pollution. Notably, there was no correlation between the standard DRASTIC method and nitrate concentrations. However, the modified version and the obtained risk map showed high correlation with nitrate concentrations (ρ = 0.55) and the Groundwater Quality; hence, it is suggested as the base for a protection plan of the alluvial aquifer.

ACS Style

Konstantinos Voudouris; Paschalia Mandrali; Nerantzis Kazakis. Preventing Groundwater Pollution Using Vulnerability and Risk Mapping: The Case of the Florina Basin, NW Greece. Geosciences 2018, 8, 129 .

AMA Style

Konstantinos Voudouris, Paschalia Mandrali, Nerantzis Kazakis. Preventing Groundwater Pollution Using Vulnerability and Risk Mapping: The Case of the Florina Basin, NW Greece. Geosciences. 2018; 8 (4):129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Konstantinos Voudouris; Paschalia Mandrali; Nerantzis Kazakis. 2018. "Preventing Groundwater Pollution Using Vulnerability and Risk Mapping: The Case of the Florina Basin, NW Greece." Geosciences 8, no. 4: 129.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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Groundwater constitutes the primary source of fresh water for >1.2 billion people living in coastal zones. However, the threat of seawater intrusion is widespread in coastal aquifers mainly due to overexploitation of groundwater. In the present study, a modified fuzzy multicriteria categorization into non-ordered categories method was developed in order to modify the standard GALDIT method and assess seawater intrusion vulnerability in a coastal aquifer of northern Greece. The method is based on six parameters: groundwater occurrence, aquifer hydraulic conductivity, groundwater level, distance from the shore, impact of the existing status of seawater intrusion, and aquifer thickness. Initially, the original method was applied and revealed a zone of high vulnerability running parallel to the coastline and covering an area of 8.6km2. The modified GALDIT-F method achieved higher discretization of vulnerability zones which is essential to build a rational management plan to prevent seawater intrusion. The GALDIT-F approach also distinguished an area of the aquifer that is influenced by geothermal fluids. In total, twenty-five categories were produced corresponding to different vulnerability degrees according to the initial method (High, Moderate, Low) as well as the area influenced by geothermal fluids. Finally, a road map was developed in order to adapt management strategies to GALDIT-F categories and prevent and mitigate seawater intrusion. The proposed management strategies of the coastal aquifer include managed aquifer recharge (MAR) implementation, reallocation of existing wells, optimization of pumping rates during the hydrological year, and a detailed monitoring plan.

ACS Style

Nerantzis Kazakis; Mike Spiliotis; Konstantinos Voudouris; Fotios-Konstantinos Pliakas; Basil Papadopoulos. A fuzzy multicriteria categorization of the GALDIT method to assess seawater intrusion vulnerability of coastal aquifers. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 621, 524 -534.

AMA Style

Nerantzis Kazakis, Mike Spiliotis, Konstantinos Voudouris, Fotios-Konstantinos Pliakas, Basil Papadopoulos. A fuzzy multicriteria categorization of the GALDIT method to assess seawater intrusion vulnerability of coastal aquifers. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 621 ():524-534.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nerantzis Kazakis; Mike Spiliotis; Konstantinos Voudouris; Fotios-Konstantinos Pliakas; Basil Papadopoulos. 2018. "A fuzzy multicriteria categorization of the GALDIT method to assess seawater intrusion vulnerability of coastal aquifers." Science of The Total Environment 621, no. : 524-534.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Environmental Pollution
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Shallow aquifers are the most accessible reservoirs of potable groundwater; nevertheless, they are also prone to various sources of pollution and it is usually difficult to distinguish between human and natural sources at the watershed scale. The area chosen for this study (the Campania Plain) is characterized by high spatial heterogeneities both in geochemical features and in hydraulic properties. Groundwater mineralization is driven by many processes such as, geothermal activity, weathering of volcanic products and intense human activities. In such a landscape, multivariate statistical analysis has been used to differentiate among the main hydrochemical processes occurring in the area, using three different approaches of factor analysis: (i) major elements, (ii) trace elements, (iii) both major and trace elements. The elaboration of the factor analysis approaches has revealed seven distinct hydrogeochemical processes: i) Salinization (Cl-, Na+); ii) Carbonate rocks dissolution; iii) Anthropogenic inputs (NO3-, SO42-, U, V); iv) Reducing conditions (Fe2+, Mn2+); v) Heavy metals contamination (Cr and Ni); vi) Geothermal fluids influence (Li+); and vii) Volcanic products contribution (As, Rb). Results from this study highlight the need to separately apply factor analysis when a large data set of trace elements is available. In fact, the impact of geothermal fluids in the shallow aquifer was identified from the application of the factor analysis using only trace elements. This study also reveals that the factor analysis of major and trace elements can differentiate between anthropogenic and geogenic sources of pollution in intensively exploited aquifers.

ACS Style

Gianluigi Busico; Emilio Cuoco; Nerantzis Kazakis; Nicolo Colombani; Micòl Mastrocicco; Dario Tedesco; Konstantinos Voudouris. Multivariate statistical analysis to characterize/discriminate between anthropogenic and geogenic trace elements occurrence in the Campania Plain, Southern Italy. Environmental Pollution 2018, 234, 260 -269.

AMA Style

Gianluigi Busico, Emilio Cuoco, Nerantzis Kazakis, Nicolo Colombani, Micòl Mastrocicco, Dario Tedesco, Konstantinos Voudouris. Multivariate statistical analysis to characterize/discriminate between anthropogenic and geogenic trace elements occurrence in the Campania Plain, Southern Italy. Environmental Pollution. 2018; 234 ():260-269.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gianluigi Busico; Emilio Cuoco; Nerantzis Kazakis; Nicolo Colombani; Micòl Mastrocicco; Dario Tedesco; Konstantinos Voudouris. 2018. "Multivariate statistical analysis to characterize/discriminate between anthropogenic and geogenic trace elements occurrence in the Campania Plain, Southern Italy." Environmental Pollution 234, no. : 260-269.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2018 in Geosciences
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Defining flood-prone areas is particularly important for policy makers, in order to design mitigation strategies and implement flood risk management planning. The present research applies a multicriteria index method to assess flood hazard areas at a river basin scale, in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. The developed methodology has been applied for an area in northeastern Greece, by processing information of seven parameters: flow accumulation, distance from the drainage network, elevation, land use, rainfall intensity and geology. The method assigns a relative importance to each of the parameters for the occurrence and magnitude of flooding, and the relevant weight values are defined through an “analytical hierarchy process”. Subsequently, and according to the relative importance of each index, the spatial information is superimposed, resulting in a flood hazard map of the studied region, an area in northern Greece. The obtained results indicate flood-prone zones, with a very high flood hazard mainly occurring at the lowlands in the vicinity of the drainage network. The provided flood hazard map supports planning activities and mitigation plans that are crucial to protect both the agricultural activities and existing infrastructure from future flood events.

ACS Style

Olga Patrikaki; Nerantzis Kazakis; Ioannis Kougias; Thomas Patsialis; Nicolaos Theodossiou; Konstantinos Voudouris. Assessing Flood Hazard at River Basin Scale with an Index-Based Approach: The Case of Mouriki, Greece. Geosciences 2018, 8, 50 .

AMA Style

Olga Patrikaki, Nerantzis Kazakis, Ioannis Kougias, Thomas Patsialis, Nicolaos Theodossiou, Konstantinos Voudouris. Assessing Flood Hazard at River Basin Scale with an Index-Based Approach: The Case of Mouriki, Greece. Geosciences. 2018; 8 (2):50.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olga Patrikaki; Nerantzis Kazakis; Ioannis Kougias; Thomas Patsialis; Nicolaos Theodossiou; Konstantinos Voudouris. 2018. "Assessing Flood Hazard at River Basin Scale with an Index-Based Approach: The Case of Mouriki, Greece." Geosciences 8, no. 2: 50.

Proceedings
Published: 01 January 2018 in Proceedings
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Chloride concentration and salinity tend to vary spatially in depth within the unsaturated zone, according to the local hydrologic conditions; and therefore are widely used as naturally occurring environmental tracers. In this study, undisturbed material from the unsaturated zone was collected at regular intervals of 50 cm down to a maximum depth of 300 cm in 17 different locations. Vacuum filtration has been used for extraction of soil water from 75 soil samples, and chemical analyses showed that the chloride concentrations in soils range from 0.4 to 79 meq/L indicating the existence of soluble salts, also verified by elevated electrical conductivity values.

ACS Style

Efthymia Zavridou; Konstantinos Markantonis; Ioannis Argyrokastritis; Konstantinos Voudouris; Andreas Kallioras. Preliminary Results from Unsaturated Zone Studies in Unconfined Unconsolidated Coastal Aquifers. Proceedings 2018, 2, 642 .

AMA Style

Efthymia Zavridou, Konstantinos Markantonis, Ioannis Argyrokastritis, Konstantinos Voudouris, Andreas Kallioras. Preliminary Results from Unsaturated Zone Studies in Unconfined Unconsolidated Coastal Aquifers. Proceedings. 2018; 2 (11):642.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Efthymia Zavridou; Konstantinos Markantonis; Ioannis Argyrokastritis; Konstantinos Voudouris; Andreas Kallioras. 2018. "Preliminary Results from Unsaturated Zone Studies in Unconfined Unconsolidated Coastal Aquifers." Proceedings 2, no. 11: 642.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Science of The Total Environment
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Groundwater vulnerability and risk assessment area worldwide tools in supporting groundwater protection and land planning. In this study, we used three of these different methodologies applied to the Campanian Plain located in southern Italy: SINTACS, AVI and LOS. However, their capability to describe the observed chemical pollution of the area has resulted quite poor. For such a reason, a modified SINTACS method has been then implemented in the area in order to get a more reliable view of groundwater vulnerability. NO3(-) and SO4(2-) from more than 400 monitoring wells were used for specific vulnerability assessment. Land use was chosen as key parameter to infer the risk of groundwater pollution in our area. The new methodology seems to show a higher correlation with observed NO3(-) concentrations and a more reliable identification of aquifer's pollution hot spots. The main sources of NO3(-) were found in sub-urban areas, where vulnerability and risk are higher than in other areas. Otherwise due to reducing conditions triggered by the presence of elevated sedimentary organic matter and peat, concentrations below agricultural areas were lower than in sub-urban areas. The SO4(2-) specific vulnerability map showed a positive correlation with observed concentrations, due to geogenic and anthropogenic SO4(2-) sources present in the area. The combination of both NO3(-) and SO4(2-) derived risk maps becomes essential to improve the conceptual model of aquifer pollution in this severely anthropized area. The application of this new and original approach shed light on the strengths and weaknesses of each of the described previous methods and clearly showed how anthropogenic activities have to be taken into account in the assessment process.

ACS Style

Gianluigi Busico; Nerantzis Kazakis; Nicolo Colombani; Micòl Mastrocicco; Konstantinos Voudouris; Dario Tedesco. A modified SINTACS method for groundwater vulnerability and pollution risk assessment in highly anthropized regions based on NO3− and SO42− concentrations. Science of The Total Environment 2017, 609, 1512 -1523.

AMA Style

Gianluigi Busico, Nerantzis Kazakis, Nicolo Colombani, Micòl Mastrocicco, Konstantinos Voudouris, Dario Tedesco. A modified SINTACS method for groundwater vulnerability and pollution risk assessment in highly anthropized regions based on NO3− and SO42− concentrations. Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 609 ():1512-1523.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gianluigi Busico; Nerantzis Kazakis; Nicolo Colombani; Micòl Mastrocicco; Konstantinos Voudouris; Dario Tedesco. 2017. "A modified SINTACS method for groundwater vulnerability and pollution risk assessment in highly anthropized regions based on NO3− and SO42− concentrations." Science of The Total Environment 609, no. : 1512-1523.

Original article
Published: 09 May 2017 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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Multivariate statistical analysis has been widely used for hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater quality. In this study, hydrochemical data from three hydrological basins were used and two methods (factor and cluster analyses) were applied. The first area is the coastal area of Eastern Thermaikos Gulf where groundwater is influenced by seawater intrusion and geothermal fluids. The other two areas are the inland basins of Gallikos and Perdikas in which agricultural and industrial activities constitute the main anthropogenic pollution sources of groundwater. Initially, the aforementioned methods were applied for each area separately and resulted in a different number of significant factors and clusters, while the natural and anthropogenic influences were spatially determined in each area. Additionally, factor and cluster analyses were applied coupling data from all areas. Therefore, five clusters and three major factors were determined distinguishing the hydrochemical processes and impacts from anthropogenic activities in more detail. It is worth mentioning that the application of cluster analysis in the coupled groundwater samples of all studied areas resulted beneficially in the most hydrochemically complex area. Salinization dominates in the coastal area, while in Gallikos and Perdikas basins high concentrations of NO3 occur mainly due to agricultural activities and small livestock units. The numerous hydrochemical samples are identified as the main issue for the higher discretization and reliability of the second approach. Nevertheless, this study is associated with a number of limitations of multivariable statistical analysis regarding extreme concentrations of Cl and Na. This issue stimulates further research in overcoming and understanding these drawbacks.

ACS Style

N. Kazakis; C. Mattas; A. Pavlou; O. Patrikaki; K. Voudouris. Multivariate statistical analysis for the assessment of groundwater quality under different hydrogeological regimes. Environmental Earth Sciences 2017, 76, 1 .

AMA Style

N. Kazakis, C. Mattas, A. Pavlou, O. Patrikaki, K. Voudouris. Multivariate statistical analysis for the assessment of groundwater quality under different hydrogeological regimes. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2017; 76 (9):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

N. Kazakis; C. Mattas; A. Pavlou; O. Patrikaki; K. Voudouris. 2017. "Multivariate statistical analysis for the assessment of groundwater quality under different hydrogeological regimes." Environmental Earth Sciences 76, no. 9: 1.

Original article
Published: 19 October 2016 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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The magnetic minerals (e.g., iron oxides) that are present in soils can be easily identified by using rock-magnetic techniques. Increased magnetic susceptibility of soils may reflect particles rich in iron oxides of anthropogenic, lithogenic, and pedogenic origin. Therefore, reliable discrimination of these sources is required, especially in areas where neither of them is dominant. The aim of the present study is to assess the lithogenic and anthropogenic contributions to iron-oxide mineralogy of soils in the area of the Anthemountas River basin in the southeast part of Thessaloniki city. Previous investigations within the study area, based on spatial distribution of magnetic susceptibility, revealed the presence of two magnetically enhanced regions. Therefore, the present study is focused on these two areas, in order to characterize the origin of magnetic enhancement. Detailed magnetic analyses include properties reflecting the type, concentration, and relative grain-size distribution of magnetic particles. Moreover, trace element concentration is determined with an aim to establish the link between low-field mass-specific magnetic susceptibility and concentration of Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn, Pb, Zn, and Ti. These findings are supported by descriptions of the micromorphology performed by scanning electron microscopy and determination of elemental composition by energy-dispersive spectrometer analyses in selected points. Finally hierarchical cluster analysis is applied to classify the soil samples into appropriate groups according to their magnetic properties. The results reveal that magnetic measurements provide a useful tool for the discrimination between different magnetic sources responsible for the enhancement of magnetic susceptibility in soils. Low-field mass-specific magnetic susceptibility reflects increased concentration of trace elements, while its combination with other magnetic measurements clearly differentiates the origin of magnetic enhancement in both parts of the study area.

ACS Style

E. Aidona; Hana Grison; Eduard Petrovsky; Nerantzis Kazakis; L. Papadopoulou; Konstantinos Voudouris. Magnetic characteristics and trace elements concentration in soils from Anthemountas River basin (North Greece): discrimination of different sources of magnetic enhancement. Environmental Earth Sciences 2016, 75, 1375 .

AMA Style

E. Aidona, Hana Grison, Eduard Petrovsky, Nerantzis Kazakis, L. Papadopoulou, Konstantinos Voudouris. Magnetic characteristics and trace elements concentration in soils from Anthemountas River basin (North Greece): discrimination of different sources of magnetic enhancement. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2016; 75 (20):1375.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. Aidona; Hana Grison; Eduard Petrovsky; Nerantzis Kazakis; L. Papadopoulou; Konstantinos Voudouris. 2016. "Magnetic characteristics and trace elements concentration in soils from Anthemountas River basin (North Greece): discrimination of different sources of magnetic enhancement." Environmental Earth Sciences 75, no. 20: 1375.

Journal article
Published: 11 April 2016 in Water Supply
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Historical and archaeological evidence shows that ancient Hellenes had developed underground aqueducts since the prehistoric times. However, innovative methods of underground aqueducts were developed in Hellas mainly during the Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman periods. Since the well-known tunnel at the island of Samos, Hellas, was designed and begun its construction (ca. 550 bc) by Eupalinos of Megara (the first civil engineer in history), several underground tunnels (with and without well-like vertical shafts) were implemented in the country. The goal of Eupalinos tunnel was to transfer water into the town from a spring. This tunnel, representing the peak of ancient hydraulic technology, was dug through limestone by two separate teams advancing in a straight line from both sides of the mountain. Delivering fresh water to growing populations has been an ongoing problem since ancient times. Several underground aqueduct paradigms (e.g. Peisistration in Athens, Polyrrhenia in Crete), some of which are in use even today, are presented and discussed. After late Roman times and the Adrianic aqueduct a gap of about 1,700 years in construction of such hydraulic works is noted. However, a remarkable development of tunneling in Hellas appeared during the last 50 years due to the ‘cosmogony’ of the construction of infrastructure projects using modern technology, e.g. Evinos-Mornos aqueduct with 15 tunnels of 71 km total length and the diversion tunnels in Sykia to the Thessaly plain and Messochora of the Acheloos River of 17.5 and 7.5 km length, respectively. Also, very recently three small conventional tunnels and one tunnel boring machine (TBM) were constructed in Aposelemis aqueducts used for water supply of Iraklion and Agios Nikolaos cities in Crete. As a consequence, significant design and construction experiences were gained. Overall, it seems that underground aqueducts of modern societies are not very different in principle from those during antiquity.

ACS Style

K. S. Voudouris; C. Tsatsanifos; S. Yannopoulos; V. Marinos; A. N. Angelakis. Evolution of underground aqueducts in the Hellenic world. Water Supply 2016, 16, 1159 -1177.

AMA Style

K. S. Voudouris, C. Tsatsanifos, S. Yannopoulos, V. Marinos, A. N. Angelakis. Evolution of underground aqueducts in the Hellenic world. Water Supply. 2016; 16 (5):1159-1177.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K. S. Voudouris; C. Tsatsanifos; S. Yannopoulos; V. Marinos; A. N. Angelakis. 2016. "Evolution of underground aqueducts in the Hellenic world." Water Supply 16, no. 5: 1159-1177.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2016 in Science of The Total Environment
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Geoelectrical methods have been widely used for the estimation of aquifer hydraulic properties. In this study, geoelectrical methods were applied in a lithologically and hydrochemically complex porous aquifer to estimate its porosity, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity. For this purpose, the electrical resistivity of the aquifer as well as the electrical conductivity of the groundwater was measured in 37 sites and wells. Initially, the Archie's law was used to generate sets of cementation factor (m) and alpha (α) parameter from which the mode values of α=0.98 and m=1.75 are representative of the studied aquifer. The transmissivity of the aquifer varies from 5.1×10(-3) to 3.1×10(-5)m(2)/s, whereas the mean value of its porosity is 0.45. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer which was calculated according to Archie's law varies from 2.08×10(-6) to 6.84×10(-5)m/s and is strongly correlated with the pumping test's hydraulic conductivity. In contrast, the hydraulic conductivity which was calculated using Dar-Zarrouk parameters presents lower correlation with the pumping test's hydraulic conductivity. Furthermore, a relation between aquifer resistivity and hydraulic conductivity was established for the studied aquifer to enable the estimation of these parameters in sites lacking data.

ACS Style

N. Kazakis; G. Vargemezis; Konstantinos Voudouris. Estimation of hydraulic parameters in a complex porous aquifer system using geoelectrical methods. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 550, 742 -750.

AMA Style

N. Kazakis, G. Vargemezis, Konstantinos Voudouris. Estimation of hydraulic parameters in a complex porous aquifer system using geoelectrical methods. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 550 ():742-750.

Chicago/Turabian Style

N. Kazakis; G. Vargemezis; Konstantinos Voudouris. 2016. "Estimation of hydraulic parameters in a complex porous aquifer system using geoelectrical methods." Science of The Total Environment 550, no. : 742-750.

Journal article
Published: 16 March 2016 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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Malia’s coastal aquifer supplies water for domestic and irrigation purposes most of northern part of Heraklion prefecture (central Crete). The extensive exploitation of groundwater since the late 1960s has resulted in a continual decline in groundwater level and significant degradation in groundwater quality, due to salinity intrusion in the coastal aquifer. Moreover, the aquifer will likely to experience impacts of climate-driven recharge changes in the coming years, with adverse consequences for water supply in the region. A regional groundwater flow model was developed to simulate the existing hydrogeological system, and to evaluate the effects of combined impacts of groundwater exploitation and climate variability in future. The investigation results suggest that the equivalent porous medium (EPM) approach appears reasonable for the karst aquifers on a regional scale, as it is capable to simulate the groundwater flow and the spreading of chloride concentration with sufficient accuracy. However, locally the transport of saline water may depend primarily on the karst conduit network rather than matrix permeability; therefore the point information must be evaluated and not taken as undisputed. Furthermore, the study provides a valuable guidance on predicting the seawater intrusion in aquifers under similar hydrogeological conditions; and offers a considerable issue in management of the groundwater quality deterioration.

ACS Style

E. Steiakakis; D. Vavadakis; M. Kritsotakis; K. Voudouris; C. Anagnostopoulou. Drought impacts on the fresh water potential of a karst aquifer in Crete, Greece. Environmental Earth Sciences 2016, 75, 1 -19.

AMA Style

E. Steiakakis, D. Vavadakis, M. Kritsotakis, K. Voudouris, C. Anagnostopoulou. Drought impacts on the fresh water potential of a karst aquifer in Crete, Greece. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2016; 75 (6):1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. Steiakakis; D. Vavadakis; M. Kritsotakis; K. Voudouris; C. Anagnostopoulou. 2016. "Drought impacts on the fresh water potential of a karst aquifer in Crete, Greece." Environmental Earth Sciences 75, no. 6: 1-19.

Journal article
Published: 11 March 2016 in Hydrogeology Journal
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Groundwater has been utilized since the Prehistoric times. Water supply of some Minoan settlements on the eastern side of the island of Crete (Greece) was based on groundwater. Later on, many wells were constructed in several areas of Greece and their use expanded through subsequent periods. The greatest achievement in groundwater exploitation by ancient Greeks was the construction of long underground galleries or qanats, which collected water from springs and alluvial deposits. In Classical times, most of the wells were on private properties and their owners were forced by regulations to maintain the wells in good condition and ready for use in wartime. During that period, the first scientific theories of Aristotle and Theophrastus were developed in regards to hydrological phenomena, and the processes involved in the formation of surface water and groundwater were clarified. Wells played a major part in urban water supply during the Roman period, in which famous aqueducts were constructed to transfer water; however, several regions of Greece were self-sufficient in water, supplied by many wells from the Prehistoric to the Byzantine period. People understood the local geological conditions and, according to their culture, constructed and managed their own types of wells. In addition to the wells and aqueducts, the hydraulic technology included cisterns to store rainwater, and systems to capture spring water for transport by aqueducts. The examples of hydro-technologies and water management practices described in this paper may have some relevance for water engineering even in modern times.

ACS Style

Andreas N. Angelakis; Konstantinos S. Voudouris; Ilias Mariolakos. Groundwater utilization through the centuries focusing οn the Hellenic civilizations. Hydrogeology Journal 2016, 24, 1311 -1324.

AMA Style

Andreas N. Angelakis, Konstantinos S. Voudouris, Ilias Mariolakos. Groundwater utilization through the centuries focusing οn the Hellenic civilizations. Hydrogeology Journal. 2016; 24 (5):1311-1324.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas N. Angelakis; Konstantinos S. Voudouris; Ilias Mariolakos. 2016. "Groundwater utilization through the centuries focusing οn the Hellenic civilizations." Hydrogeology Journal 24, no. 5: 1311-1324.