The combination of the hydrothermal method with in situ synthesis has been successfully employed to prepare a family of tetrazole-based energetic metal–organic frameworks (EMOFs) ([Ag(Mtta)]_n, 1; [Cd₅(Mtta)₉]_n, 2; [Pb₃(bta)₂(O)₂(H₂O)]_n, 3; and [Pb(tztr)₂(H₂O)]_n, 4) through [2 + 3] cycloaddition of azide anions and nitrile groups. All the synthesized EMOFs were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis (EA), different scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetry (TG). Both complexes 1 and 4 consist of reticular two-dimensional (2D) layers that are linked by π–π overlap interactions between the ligands in neighbouring layers to form 3D supramolecular structures. In contrast, complexes 2 and 3 are 3D frameworks. The in situ formation of ligands bta and tztr has been described for the first time. Remarkably, thermogravimetric measurements demonstrated that the EMOFs 1–4 possess excellent thermostabilities with high decomposition temperatures up to 354, 389, and 372 °C for 1, 2, and 4, respectively. Sensitivity tests revealed that all the EMOFs are extremely insensitive.

Aiming to achieve the flexible operation of distribution network (ADN), an energy management strategy of ADN with integrated distributed wind power and smart buildings is proposed in this study. First, based on the thermal storage characteristics of buildings, the resistor–capacitor model is used to develop an energy consumption prediction model of smart buildings. Second, the smart buildings are modelled as flexible resources of ADN. A multi‐objective ADN model is further formulated based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) by comprehensively considering constraints of power grid and smart buildings. Then, the unified model of ADN is transformed by second‐order conic relaxation to guarantee the global optimal solution. Finally, the scheduling results for the unified model of ADN under different control methods for heating ventilation and air‐conditioning (HVAC) systems are compared in the winter heating scenario. In addition, the impact of the demand response capability for smart buildings on the economic and secure operation of the ADN is further analysed. Numerical studies demonstrate that the proposed method can increase the penetration of local wind power, reduce peak‐valley load difference and network loss of the grid while ensuring the comfort temperature of customers, and further achieve the flexible operation of ADN.

Reducing the hygroscopicity and thermal decomposition temperature of ammonium perchlorate is of great significance for its application in solid rocket propellants. In this work, an in situ chemical precipitation reaction of stearic acid with copper acetate or cobalt acetate was adopted to prepare hydrophobic coatings of AP. The prepared samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, contact angle measurement, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that a compact and uniform hydrophobic layer of copper stearate (CuSt₂) or cobalt stearate (CoSt₂) is successfully coated on the surface of AP particles. Compared with the raw AP, the contact angles of AP/CuSt₂ and AP/CoSt₂ with a coating content of 10 wt% are increased by 136.2° and 133.6°, respectively. Meanwhile, their moisture contents after being placed at 79 wt% relative humidity for 66 h are only 7.42% and 7.68% of the raw AP case. In addition, the high-temperature decomposition peak temperatures of AP/CuSt₂ and AP/CoSt₂ at the optimum coating content (6 wt%) are lowered by 113.3 °C and 75.8 °C, respectively, revealing that the hydrophobic coatings have high catalytic activity in the decomposition of AP. This research provides a promising strategy for reducing the hygroscopicity and simultaneously improving the thermal performance of AP, and this is also a reference for the modification of other materials.

A dropwise cooling crystallization method was proposed to prepare AP crystals with a uniform shape, a narrow particle size distribution and a smooth surface, which is also a reference for the crystallization of other crystalline materials in crystal engineering.