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Multi-microgrids address the need for a resilient, sustainable, and cost-effective electricity supply by providing a coordinated operation of individual networks. Due to local generation, dynamic network topologies, and islanding capabilities of hosted microgrids or groups thereof, various new fault mitigation and optimization options emerge. However, with the great flexibility, new challenges such as complex failure modes that need to be considered for a resilient operation, appear. This work systematically reviews scheduling approaches which significantly influence the feasibility of mitigation options before a failure is encountered. An in-depth analysis of identified key contributions covers aspects such as the mathematical apparatus, failure models and validation to highlight the current methodical spectrum and to identify future perspectives. Despite the common optimization-based framework, a broad variety of scheduling approaches is revealed. However, none of the key contributions provides practical insights beyond lab validation and considerable effort is required until the approaches can show their full potential in practical implementations. It is expected that the great level of detail guides further research in improving and validating existing scheduling concepts as well as it, in the long run, aids engineers to choose the most suitable options regarding increasingly resilient power systems.
Michael H. Spiegel; Eric M. S. P. Veith; Thomas I. Strasser. The Spectrum of Proactive, Resilient Multi-Microgrid Scheduling: A Systematic Literature Review. Energies 2020, 13, 4543 .
AMA StyleMichael H. Spiegel, Eric M. S. P. Veith, Thomas I. Strasser. The Spectrum of Proactive, Resilient Multi-Microgrid Scheduling: A Systematic Literature Review. Energies. 2020; 13 (17):4543.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael H. Spiegel; Eric M. S. P. Veith; Thomas I. Strasser. 2020. "The Spectrum of Proactive, Resilient Multi-Microgrid Scheduling: A Systematic Literature Review." Energies 13, no. 17: 4543.
Various development and validation methods for cyber-physical systems such as Controller-Hardware-in-the-Loop (C-HIL) testing strongly benefit from a seamless integration of (hardware) prototypes and simulation models. It has been often demonstrated that linking discrete event-based control systems and hybrid plant models can advance the quality of control implementations. Nevertheless, high manual coupling efforts and sometimes spurious simulation artifacts such as glitches and deviations are observed frequently. This work specifically addresses these two issues by presenting a generic, standard-based infrastructure referred to as virtual component, which enables the efficient coupling of simulation models and automation systems. A novel soft real-time coupling algorithm featuring event-accurate synchronization by extrapolating future model states is outlined. Based on considered standards for model exchange (FMI) and controls (IEC 61499), important properties such as real-time capabilities are derived and experimentally validated. Evaluation demonstrates that virtual components support engineers in efficiently creating C-HIL setups and that the novel algorithm can feature accurate synchronization when conventional approaches fail.
Michael H. Spiegel; Edmund Widl; Bernhard Heinzl; Wolfgang Kastner; Nabil Akroud. Model-Based Virtual Components in Event-Based Controls: Linking the FMI and IEC 61499. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 1611 .
AMA StyleMichael H. Spiegel, Edmund Widl, Bernhard Heinzl, Wolfgang Kastner, Nabil Akroud. Model-Based Virtual Components in Event-Based Controls: Linking the FMI and IEC 61499. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (5):1611.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael H. Spiegel; Edmund Widl; Bernhard Heinzl; Wolfgang Kastner; Nabil Akroud. 2020. "Model-Based Virtual Components in Event-Based Controls: Linking the FMI and IEC 61499." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5: 1611.