The emission of air pollutants from energy production and consumption is a major cause of environmental problems. In addition, urbanisation and CO₂ emissions have become major environmental concerns that are closely related to climate change and sustainable economic growth. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the long-run relationship among CO₂ emissions, energy consumption, economic activities, and management issues for Turkey for the period between 1980 and 2021. The STIRPAT hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis were employed by using dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) and ARDL bound methodologies for these goals. The findings indicate that there is a long-run relationship between variables of the STIRPAT model. The coefficient of economic expansion and energy consumption affected CO₂ emissions positively, which means that energy consumption and the expansion of economic activity have significant effects on environmental degradation. Those results are also confirmed by the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) model. In addition, the N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is developed for Turkey. The DCC model also shows that economic growth increases CO₂ emissions significantly, and energy productivity can be considered for decreasing CO₂ emissions.

Globalization, as the process of integration of the world economy, increases international trade, capital movements, and technology transfer. This study examines the relationship between globalization and economic growth in the 1974-2022 period in Türkiye. In this study, the ARDL Bound method was used for cointegration analysis and the DCC-EGARCH model was used to capture time-varying relationships. The results of the ARDL-Bound model show a positive and long-term correlation between globalization and economic growth in Türkiye. According to the results of the DCC model, there has been a generally positive relationship between economic growth and the globalization index since 1984. Türkiye's economy has generally been positively influenced by economic liberalization processes and globalization. However, the export-oriented growth strategy seems to have lost its effect after 2005. Moreover, the globalization benefits of foreign direct investment were only evident between 2000 and 2009, after which the positive relationship decreased. In the interest of attracting FDI and promoting sustainable economic growth, Türkiye should review its investment-friendly policies and develop strategies aimed at long-term benefits.

The Dutch disease phenomenon refers to the adverse effects of the supply of natural resources and production in the tradable sectors specifically the manufacturing sector. Corden and Neary (1982) and Corden (1984) developed the core model of the Dutch disease that it explains a large amount of foreign money to inside the country will appreciate real exchange rate and cause both the spending and reallocation of resources between non-tradable and tradable sectors that it will lead the country to de-industrialisation The Dutch disease is generally related to the export of natural resources; however, it can be caused by any factors that increase the flow of foreign currency into a country. According to Copelend (1991), the tourism sector is one of the most important sectors that can be the cause of the Dutch disease. Holzner (2010) called the effect of the Dutch disease on tourism-dependent countries the “Beach Disease”. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the growing tourism sector in Turkey has caused resource movement and a spending effect that have led the Turkish economy to experience the Dutch disease. The Turkish economy is one of the emerging markets that in the past few decades has experienced noticeable growth in the tourism sector, to the extent that, according to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC, 2017), travel and tourism’s contribution to GDP in Turkey was 12.5% in 2016. By using several methods, such as non-linear and linear ARDL bounds tests and structural VAR, this study aims to investigate whether the Turkish economy experienced Beach Disease over the period from 1976 to 2017. Empirical evidence demonstrates that due to the growth of the tourism sector, the Turkish economy is suffering from symptoms of Beach Disease, such as de-industrialisation and resource allocation to non-tradable sectors. The results show that the Turkish economy has suffered from the Dutch disease due to a growing tourism sector, which has led to de-industrialisation and unstable long-term growth.

In this paper, we examine the short and long run dynamic relationship between inflation (consumer price index) and the price of gold in Turkey by using monthly data over the period of 2008m10-2021m04. The finding shows there is no long run and cointegration between consumer price index and the price of gold in Turkey. However, the results demonstrate that CPI does Granger cause of gold but gold dose not Granger cause of CPI. Those results are also confirmed by results of short-run of S-model and the long-run properties of the accumulated impulse responses of structural VAR (SVAR) model that there is not long run interaction between gold and inflation.

This paper explores the correlation between the Financial Development Index (FDI) and the Geopolitical Risk Index (GPR) in relation to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within the E3 countries: Germany, France, and the United Kingdom. With limited research available on the interaction between these indices and the SDGs, this study aims to bridge that gap by focusing on SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy). Using data spanning from 2000 to 2021, the analysis employs ARDL and Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC) models to assess the impact of geopolitical risks and financial development on these sustainability targets. Findings reveal that in Germany, there are significant long-term relationships between FDI and both SDG 13 and SDG 7, with geopolitical risks negatively impacting both goals. Economic growth was observed to have a stronger influence on SDG 13. In France, FDI positively affected SDG 13 but had no statistically significant impact on SDG 7. Geopolitical risks had adverse effects on both goals, while economic growth?s impact on SDG 7 was found to be insignificant. In the UK, no significant long-term relationships were identified; however, short-term analysis highlighted notable effects of FDI and geopolitical risks on SDG 7. The DCC analysis revealed that the relationship between SDG 13 and SDG 7 was relatively strong around 2000 but weakened over time.

Because of the outbreak of pandemic COVID-19, the economy and financial markets had a sharp decline. Also, based on the lockdown, we saw that amount of production and trade had decreased. This situation continues, and the effect on trade is still an important concern. In this paper, we investigate whether COVID-19 has an effect on trade by means of the real exchange rate in China-EU27 and China-USA. By using J-curve concept, for each trade partner, we use three models, which are ARDL, NARDL, and Multiplier NARDL, using three different data periods considering COVID-19. The results show that inverted J-Curve is proved with the long-run J-Curve effects for both partners, while COVID-19 makes factors favor J-Curve. Although J-Curve was inverted before the pandemic of COVID-9, during the COVID-19, we recognize the effect of J-Curve, which shows that the effect of real exchange rate on trade of China-EU27 and China-USA seems to favor China.