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James Pierre Muir
Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 1229 Hwy 281, Stephenville, TX 76401, USA

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Journal article
Published: 13 August 2021 in Animals
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This two-year study evaluated the effect of Pennisetum purpureum genotypes under rainfed or irrigated conditions, during the dry and rainy seasons, on herbage, leaf, and stem dry matter (DM) accumulation rates, nutritive value, and carbohydrate and protein fractionation. Treatments were tall (Iri 381 and Elefante B) or dwarf (Mott and Taiwan A-146 2.37) genotypes under rainfed or irrigated conditions. Taiwan A-146 2.37 (146 kg DM ha per day) showed similar herbage accumulation rate (HAR) to tall genotypes during the rainy season (124 and 150 kg DM/ha per day, respectively). Dwarf genotypes showed differences in leaf accumulation rate (LAR) (66 and 49 kg DM/ha per day). Mott leaf had less neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (589 g/kg DM) than Taiwan A-146 2.37 (598 g/kg DM), and tall genotypes had generally greater NDF (668 g/kg DM) than the dwarf genotypes. Irrigation increased fiber deposition in the leaf. Stems of all genotypes had lower in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) (378 g/kg DM) under rainfed conditions in the rainy season. Leaf from irrigated plots had 23% more carbohydrate C fraction (160 g/kg CHO) than those from rainfed plots (122 g/kg CHO). Dwarf genotypes had generally greater nutritive value than tall genotypes. These genotypes show promise under irrigation to fill forage gaps during dry periods.

ACS Style

Rayanne Thalita De Almeida Souza; Mércia Virginia Ferreira dos Santos; Márcio Vieira da Cunha; Geane Dias Gonçalves; Valdson José da Silva; Alexandre Carneiro Leão de Mello; James Pierre Muir; Robson Elpídio Pereira Ribeiro; José Carlos Batista Dubeux. Dwarf and Tall Elephantgrass Genotypes under Irrigation as Forage Sources for Ruminants: Herbage Accumulation and Nutritive Value. Animals 2021, 11, 2392 .

AMA Style

Rayanne Thalita De Almeida Souza, Mércia Virginia Ferreira dos Santos, Márcio Vieira da Cunha, Geane Dias Gonçalves, Valdson José da Silva, Alexandre Carneiro Leão de Mello, James Pierre Muir, Robson Elpídio Pereira Ribeiro, José Carlos Batista Dubeux. Dwarf and Tall Elephantgrass Genotypes under Irrigation as Forage Sources for Ruminants: Herbage Accumulation and Nutritive Value. Animals. 2021; 11 (8):2392.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rayanne Thalita De Almeida Souza; Mércia Virginia Ferreira dos Santos; Márcio Vieira da Cunha; Geane Dias Gonçalves; Valdson José da Silva; Alexandre Carneiro Leão de Mello; James Pierre Muir; Robson Elpídio Pereira Ribeiro; José Carlos Batista Dubeux. 2021. "Dwarf and Tall Elephantgrass Genotypes under Irrigation as Forage Sources for Ruminants: Herbage Accumulation and Nutritive Value." Animals 11, no. 8: 2392.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2020 in Molecules
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Condensed tannins (CTs) are plant anti-herbivore compounds with antimicrobial activity that can be used in ruminant diets as ruminal microbiome manipulators. However, not all CTs from fodder legumes are bioactive due to their wide structural diversity. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of 10 CT-containing plants (Flemingia macrophylla, Leucaena leucocephala, Stylosanthes guianensis, Gliricidia sepium, Cratylia argentea, Cajanus cajan, Desmodium ovalifolium, Macrotiloma axilare, D. paniculatum, and Lespedeza procumbens) on in vitro fermentation kinetics of Nelore beef cattle. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), a specific CT-binding agent, was added to neutralize condensed tannin. Tifton and alfalfa hay were used as controls lacking CT. The experimental layout included a randomized complete block with factorial design and four blocks. The data were subjected to analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s test to determine differences (p < 0.05) among treatment means. The addition of PEG in browse incubations resulted in increased gas production, fermentation rate, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and N-NH3 release. Within our study, Lespedeza procumbens, Desmodium paniculatum, Leucaena leucocephala, Desmodium ovalifolium, and Flemingia macrophylla showed superior bioactivity compared to other species evaluated, suggesting a natural alternative for replacing ionophores to modify ruminal fermentation. Condensed tannins from L. pocumbens, D. paniculatum, L. leucocephala, D. ovalifolium, and F. macrophylla have the potential to modify rumen fermentation in beef cattle.

ACS Style

G. M. Fagundes; G. Benetel; K. C. Santos; Katiéli Welter; F. A. Melo; J. P. Muir; I. C. S. Bueno. Tannin-Rich Plants as Natural Manipulators of Rumen Fermentation in the Livestock Industry. Molecules 2020, 25, 2943 .

AMA Style

G. M. Fagundes, G. Benetel, K. C. Santos, Katiéli Welter, F. A. Melo, J. P. Muir, I. C. S. Bueno. Tannin-Rich Plants as Natural Manipulators of Rumen Fermentation in the Livestock Industry. Molecules. 2020; 25 (12):2943.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G. M. Fagundes; G. Benetel; K. C. Santos; Katiéli Welter; F. A. Melo; J. P. Muir; I. C. S. Bueno. 2020. "Tannin-Rich Plants as Natural Manipulators of Rumen Fermentation in the Livestock Industry." Molecules 25, no. 12: 2943.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2020 in Semina: Ci&ecirc;ncias Agr&aacute;rias
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Increasing milk production in countries such as Brazil, India and Pakistan implies the generation of dairy by-products such as nutrient-rich bovine whey which, if used in feeding small ruminants would reduce environmental waste and add value to this by-product. Twenty entire male kids weighing an average 17 kg and 5 months age were used. The diet control was composed by Aruana hay, milled whole maize, pelleted soybean and limestone. Bovine cheese whey at 1.5; 3.0 and 4.5% (DM basis) was added to experimental diets. Variables measured included intake, nutrient apparent digestibility, energy balance, and nitrogen balance. Regression equations and Pearson correlations (P ? 0.05) were determined. The 3% diet resulted in greater ether extract (EE) (g/kg0.75) and digestible EE (P ? 0.05) concentrations compared to 0% whey. The consumption of cellulose (g/kg0.75) was greater (P ? 0.05) for kids on the 3.0% diet compared to 0 or 1.5%. Nutrient apparent digestibility was not affected (P > 0.05) by the inclusion of whey. Kids on the 4.5% diet excreted more (P ? 0.05) fecal N than those fed no whey; these also retained less N (P ? 0.05) compared to animals fed 3.0% or less whey in their diet. All diets resulted in positive energy and nitrogen balances. Bovine whey can be included in male kid diets up to 4.5% of diet without negatively affecting consumption or apparent digestibility of those diets.

ACS Style

Alexandre Ribeiro Araújo; Universidade Estadual do Vale do Acaraú; James Pierre Muir; Angela Maria De Vasconcelos; Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeu; Luciana Freitas Guedes; Clésio Santos Costa; Maria Socorro De Sousa Carneiro; Warley Éfrem Campos; Marcos Cláudio Pinheiro Rogério; Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Embrapa Caprinos E Ovinos; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Ministério Da Agricultura Pecuária E Abastecimento. Consumption, apparent digestibility and nutrient balance of diets with bovine milk whey for goats. Semina: Ci&ecirc;ncias Agr&aacute;rias 2020, 42, 1719 -1728.

AMA Style

Alexandre Ribeiro Araújo, Universidade Estadual do Vale do Acaraú, James Pierre Muir, Angela Maria De Vasconcelos, Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeu, Luciana Freitas Guedes, Clésio Santos Costa, Maria Socorro De Sousa Carneiro, Warley Éfrem Campos, Marcos Cláudio Pinheiro Rogério, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Embrapa Caprinos E Ovinos, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Ministério Da Agricultura Pecuária E Abastecimento. Consumption, apparent digestibility and nutrient balance of diets with bovine milk whey for goats. Semina: Ci&ecirc;ncias Agr&aacute;rias. 2020; 42 (5):1719-1728.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandre Ribeiro Araújo; Universidade Estadual do Vale do Acaraú; James Pierre Muir; Angela Maria De Vasconcelos; Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeu; Luciana Freitas Guedes; Clésio Santos Costa; Maria Socorro De Sousa Carneiro; Warley Éfrem Campos; Marcos Cláudio Pinheiro Rogério; Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Embrapa Caprinos E Ovinos; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Ministério Da Agricultura Pecuária E Abastecimento. 2020. "Consumption, apparent digestibility and nutrient balance of diets with bovine milk whey for goats." Semina: Ci&ecirc;ncias Agr&aacute;rias 42, no. 5: 1719-1728.

Reviews and analyses
Published: 02 June 2020 in Journal of Environmental Quality
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Naturally occurring gaseous byproducts of ruminant production, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), can negatively affect the environment. Apart from enteric fermentation, manure on pasture is the most significant contributor to non‐CO2 emissions. A group of naturally‐occurring phenolic compounds, condensed tannins (CT), can alter the route of nutrient excretion and interact with microbes, suggesting they are a plausible feed additive to reducing excreta gas emissions. We evaluated how quebracho (Schinopsis balansae ) tannin extract fed at 0, 15, 30, and 45 g kg−1 of dry matter (DM), within a roughage‐based diet affected fecal gas emissions at multiple locations (College Station and Stephenville, TX) during two periods corresponding to winter and spring. During both periods, CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes were determined using the vented‐static chamber methodology over 39 d, and cumulative emissions were calculated. A random coefficients model with animal nested within dietary treatment and period as the random factor was analyzed by location due to the presence of collinearity with soil parameters within periods. Daily CO2 flux was influenced by soil moisture and temperature (r = 0.34; P < 0.01), whereas CH4 and N2O were associated with soil moisture. Cumulative gas production confirmed a dietary effect for CO2 and gross CO2 equivalent at the College Station site (P ≤ 0.001), demonstrating a linear reduction as quebracho inclusion increased. Variance partitioning indicated that dietary treatment and seasonal period likely influenced animal digestive and metabolic parameters. Within specific environments, quebracho supplementation may assist in reducing fecal gas emissions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

A. B. Norris; L. O. Tedeschi; J. P. Muir; J. L. Foster; K. D. Casey; W. E. Pinchak. Effect of quebracho condensed tannin extract on fecal gas flux in steers. Journal of Environmental Quality 2020, 49, 1225 -1235.

AMA Style

A. B. Norris, L. O. Tedeschi, J. P. Muir, J. L. Foster, K. D. Casey, W. E. Pinchak. Effect of quebracho condensed tannin extract on fecal gas flux in steers. Journal of Environmental Quality. 2020; 49 (5):1225-1235.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. B. Norris; L. O. Tedeschi; J. P. Muir; J. L. Foster; K. D. Casey; W. E. Pinchak. 2020. "Effect of quebracho condensed tannin extract on fecal gas flux in steers." Journal of Environmental Quality 49, no. 5: 1225-1235.

Journal article
Published: 27 March 2020 in Agronomy
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To address concerns regarding the potential impact of antibiotic use in animal husbandry on antibiotic resistance in humans, we conducted a greenhouse-based study examining uptake of the veterinary antibiotics oxytetracycline (OTC) and monensin (MON) by Tifton 85 Bermudagrass (T85), the most commonly grown forage grass in the southeastern U.S.A. Since oxytetracycline is used in both veterinary and human medicine, its accumulation in animal products could impact human resistance to this antibiotic. Monensin is not used in human medicine but has a high potential for accumulating in the environment. Our research examined antibiotic uptake by forage grass T85, the effect of dairy manure application on its uptake, and antibiotic retention in soil. We compared unspiked, wet dairy manure to wet dairy manure spiked with MON or OTC that was soil surface applied to pots or incorporated into soil. After 6 wk, plant stem/leaf and root tissue, as well as soil samples, were assessed for antibiotic residues using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results confirmed Tifton 85 MON and OTC uptake. Six weeks after adding the antibiotics, the greatest plant matter OTC and MON contents were 157.9 ± 70.6 and 234.4 ± 19.6 µg kg−1, respectively, and 17.6 and 369.5 µg kg−1, respectively, for soil. When spiked with OTC, manure incorporation led to decreased OTC uptake by T85 tissue. Bioaccumulation of these antimicrobials in livestock and in the environment is a potential concern for animal, environmental, and human health.

ACS Style

Sheldon Hilaire; Barbara Bellows; Jeff A. Brady; James P. Muir. Oxytetracycline and Monensin Uptake by Tifton 85 Bermudagrass from Dairy Manure-Applied Soil. Agronomy 2020, 10, 468 .

AMA Style

Sheldon Hilaire, Barbara Bellows, Jeff A. Brady, James P. Muir. Oxytetracycline and Monensin Uptake by Tifton 85 Bermudagrass from Dairy Manure-Applied Soil. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (4):468.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sheldon Hilaire; Barbara Bellows; Jeff A. Brady; James P. Muir. 2020. "Oxytetracycline and Monensin Uptake by Tifton 85 Bermudagrass from Dairy Manure-Applied Soil." Agronomy 10, no. 4: 468.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Animal Production Science
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Context Interest in sheep production has grown considerably, mainly in the meat market segment in large urban centres. This growth is due to improved efficiencyand quality products, which makes the segment attractive for production. Aims Our objective was to evaluate the effects of dietary nutrient restrictions on the feed efficiency and productivity of Santa Inês ewe lambs. Methods Twenty Santa Inês ewe lambs were weaned at an average weight of 15.09 ± 2.63 kg and were randomly assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design to nutritional plans for carcass finishing (early and late maturity) and levels of nutrient restriction (0% and 15% reduction of both crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) relative to requirements) with five replications per treatment. The trial was divided into two phases: lambs aged 4–8 months (<8 months) and lambs >8 months old. Key results There were no differences (P > 0.05) between diets for average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency and residual feed intake. Ratios of ADG:DMI (% of liveweight (LW) and LW0.75) were affected (P ≤ 0.05) by restriction in ewe lambs >8 months old. Restriction model tests (ω1, ω2, ω3 and ω4) did not differ (P > 0.05) from complete models for diets formulated for early maturity; therefore, a single standard growth curve fitted this nutritional plan. On the other hand, the restriction model responses for diets formulated to late maturity differed (P ≤ 0.05) from the complete model, generating different standard growth curves according to the applied restriction. Feeding Santa Inês ewe lambs a restricted diet (by 15% CP and TDN) in an early-maturity nutritional plan will allow lambs to reach slaughter LW earlier than those fed unrestricted diets. Conclusions and implications When the objective is to terminate animals at a later age (>8 months), unrestricted diet formulated to a late-maturity nutritional plan will produce higher LW and subsequent reproductive efficiency. By contrast, reducing CP and TDN by 15% for ewe lambs >8 months of age may reduce growth rates at an initial phase.

ACS Style

Clésio Dos Santos Costa; Marcos Cláudio Pinheiro Rogério; Francisco Gleyson Da Silveira Alves; Luciana Freitas Guedes; Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeu; Alexandre Lima Ferreira; Ângela Maria De Vasconcelos; James Pierre Muir; José Neuman Miranda Neiva. Dietary nutrient restrictions in the post-weaning period change feed efficiency and productivity of Santa Inês ewe lambs. Animal Production Science 2020, 60, 1978 .

AMA Style

Clésio Dos Santos Costa, Marcos Cláudio Pinheiro Rogério, Francisco Gleyson Da Silveira Alves, Luciana Freitas Guedes, Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeu, Alexandre Lima Ferreira, Ângela Maria De Vasconcelos, James Pierre Muir, José Neuman Miranda Neiva. Dietary nutrient restrictions in the post-weaning period change feed efficiency and productivity of Santa Inês ewe lambs. Animal Production Science. 2020; 60 (17):1978.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clésio Dos Santos Costa; Marcos Cláudio Pinheiro Rogério; Francisco Gleyson Da Silveira Alves; Luciana Freitas Guedes; Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeu; Alexandre Lima Ferreira; Ângela Maria De Vasconcelos; James Pierre Muir; José Neuman Miranda Neiva. 2020. "Dietary nutrient restrictions in the post-weaning period change feed efficiency and productivity of Santa Inês ewe lambs." Animal Production Science 60, no. 17: 1978.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Native Plants Journal
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ACS Style

Gülten Girgin; James P Muir; Russell W Jessup; A Paul Schwab. Dalea aurea, D. candida, D. multiflora, and D. purpurea seedling herbage, root nitrogen, and dry matter yield as influenced by soil type, phosphorus amendment, and cowpea Rhizobium inoculant. Native Plants Journal 2020, 21, 341 -352.

AMA Style

Gülten Girgin, James P Muir, Russell W Jessup, A Paul Schwab. Dalea aurea, D. candida, D. multiflora, and D. purpurea seedling herbage, root nitrogen, and dry matter yield as influenced by soil type, phosphorus amendment, and cowpea Rhizobium inoculant. Native Plants Journal. 2020; 21 (3):341-352.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gülten Girgin; James P Muir; Russell W Jessup; A Paul Schwab. 2020. "Dalea aurea, D. candida, D. multiflora, and D. purpurea seedling herbage, root nitrogen, and dry matter yield as influenced by soil type, phosphorus amendment, and cowpea Rhizobium inoculant." Native Plants Journal 21, no. 3: 341-352.

Journal article
Published: 13 December 2019 in African Journal of Range & Forage Science
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Tropical pastures can be important natural sources of antioxidant compounds and may impact production and quality of animal protein with repercussions on human health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of α-tocopherol, condensed tannin (CT) and nutritional values of important tropical species used in grazing. The species included guinea grass (Panicum maximum), bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), soybean (Glycine max), creeping beggarweed (Desmodium incanum), macrocephala stylo (Stylosanthes macrocephala) and pinto rhizoma peanut (Arachis pintoii). The species were distributed in a randomised block design with four replicates each. There were no differences in α-tocopherol between the mid and late growing season; there were likewise no differences among forage species. The highest (P = 0.02) concentrations of CT were observed in creeping beggarweed (66.5 ± 13.8 g kg−1 dry matter [DM]), pinto (15.7 ± 5.2 g kg−1 DM) and pigeon pea (8.7 ± 0.8 g kg−1 DM). Among these species, creeping beggarweed showed the highest percentage of extractable CTs (68% of total CT) and was the only species where the CT showed biological activity (protein precipitation by phenols = 60.1 g kg−1 DM). Among the tropical grasses and legumes, creeping beggarweed could become an important CT source for animal production.

ACS Style

Jalise F Tontini; Cesar Hec Poli; Viviane S Hampel; Alessandro P MinHo; James P Muir. Nutritional values and chemical composition of tropical pastures as potential sources of α-tocopherol and condensed tannin. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 2019, 36, 181 -189.

AMA Style

Jalise F Tontini, Cesar Hec Poli, Viviane S Hampel, Alessandro P MinHo, James P Muir. Nutritional values and chemical composition of tropical pastures as potential sources of α-tocopherol and condensed tannin. African Journal of Range & Forage Science. 2019; 36 (4):181-189.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jalise F Tontini; Cesar Hec Poli; Viviane S Hampel; Alessandro P MinHo; James P Muir. 2019. "Nutritional values and chemical composition of tropical pastures as potential sources of α-tocopherol and condensed tannin." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 36, no. 4: 181-189.

Journal article
Published: 05 December 2019 in Animal Feed Science and Technology
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Sustainable ruminant production is an important element in meeting the high-quality protein requirements of an increasing global population. Gaseous byproducts from ruminant production such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) can reduce energy efficiency and be detrimental to the environment. Condensed tannins (CT) are interesting alternatives for improving animal and system-level efficiency due to their potential for improving nitrogen use efficiency and reducing enteric CH4. In this study, a Latin rectangle design using four periods and 8 English crossbred steers (435 ± 17 kg BW) were used to determine the effects of quebracho tannin (QT) extract. We evaluated how QT inclusion at 0, 15, 30, and 45 g/kg of dietary dry matter (DM) within a roughage-based diet affected metabolic parameters and fecal gas emissions. Using metabolism crates, total collection of excreta occurred over 4 d followed by an enumeration of fecal gas fluxes via static chambers. The 45 g/kg inclusion rate affected intake and increased fecal DM production (P ≤ 0.01). Addition of QT affected all digestion coefficients (P < 0.001) with a linear reduction as QT level increased. Reduced digestibility led to greater daily energy excretion with increasing QT inclusion (P < 0.001), resulting in a linear reduction in daily digestible energy (DE), DE/kg DM intake, and DE-to-gross energy ratio. Greater daily fecal energy and N outputs were observed with increased QT (P < 0.001), but no difference in concentrations. The feeding of QT resulted in a linear shift in the route of N excretion from urine to feces (P = 0.005). For fecal gas flux, cumulative CO2 and N2O decreased linearly with increased QT supplementation; by contrast, CH4 displayed a cubic relationship with the 30 g/kg treatment having the least emissions. Total CO2 equivalents (CO2e; CH4 + N2O) displayed a cubic relationship with emissions being largely driven by CH4 production (r = 0.99, P < 0.01). In contrast, gross CO2e (Total CO2e + CO2) displayed a linear reduction in emissions as QT inclusion increased, with CO2 having the largest influence (r = 0.99, P < 0.01). Emission factors displayed a linear decrease in fecal N emitted as N2O-N with increased QT inclusion (P < 0.05). We concluded that feeding QT above 15 g/kg DM could reduce fecal CO2 and N2O emissions but also apparent digestibility and N balance. Determination of energy fractionation and urinary gas emissions are required to fully define the influence of CT upon system efficiency.

ACS Style

A.B. Norris; L.O. Tedeschi; J.L. Foster; J.P. Muir; W.E. Pinchak; M.A. Fonseca. AFST: Influence of quebracho tannin extract fed at differing rates within a high-roughage diet on the apparent digestibility of dry matter and fiber, nitrogen balance, and fecal gas flux. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2019, 260, 114365 .

AMA Style

A.B. Norris, L.O. Tedeschi, J.L. Foster, J.P. Muir, W.E. Pinchak, M.A. Fonseca. AFST: Influence of quebracho tannin extract fed at differing rates within a high-roughage diet on the apparent digestibility of dry matter and fiber, nitrogen balance, and fecal gas flux. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2019; 260 ():114365.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.B. Norris; L.O. Tedeschi; J.L. Foster; J.P. Muir; W.E. Pinchak; M.A. Fonseca. 2019. "AFST: Influence of quebracho tannin extract fed at differing rates within a high-roughage diet on the apparent digestibility of dry matter and fiber, nitrogen balance, and fecal gas flux." Animal Feed Science and Technology 260, no. : 114365.

Journal article
Published: 19 December 2018 in Native Plants Journal
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Plant community biodiversity is critical for maintaining native and cultivated grasslands. Even though legume nitrogen contribution can enhance ecosystem productivity, a critical number of native herbaceous legume species are not commercially available for grassland seed mixes in the south-central US. Of those on the market from other regions, perennial temperate species fail to survive the hot summer seasons, and the tropical species lack sufficient cold tolerance for winter survival through most of the region. We examine historical and current efforts to identify appropriate genotypes to supply native legume seed in Texas and immediate surroundings as a case study for developing a widely under-utilized resource in this and other regions. More than 30 native legume genera occur across this region, often as small, isolated, and protected populations. Several recent native le gume releases target forage production, grassland reclamation, and wildlife habitat, but the seed available meets only small-scale demands and lacks diversity. Wider germplasm adaptation, less costly seed production, and improved marketing may increase demand and economic viability of multiple native legume seeds in restoration, right-of-way stabilization, rangeland rehabilitation, and pasture cultivation. Systematic germplasm selection that focuses on potential market, seed harvestability, seedling vigor, and persistence under inter-plant competition and grazing pressures could substantially increase native legume domestication and sustained commercialization. Coordination of seed supply and demand involving policy aspects of government incentive programs, seed industry investments, and extension programs targeting potential user groups could contribute to greater commercialization success of native legumes with potential to provide multiple benefits to ecosystems across North America.

ACS Style

James P Muir; William D Pitman; Forrest S Smith; John Lloyd-Reilley; Robert A Shadow. Challenges to developing native legume seed supplies: the Texas experience as a case study. Native Plants Journal 2018, 19, 224 -238.

AMA Style

James P Muir, William D Pitman, Forrest S Smith, John Lloyd-Reilley, Robert A Shadow. Challenges to developing native legume seed supplies: the Texas experience as a case study. Native Plants Journal. 2018; 19 (3):224-238.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James P Muir; William D Pitman; Forrest S Smith; John Lloyd-Reilley; Robert A Shadow. 2018. "Challenges to developing native legume seed supplies: the Texas experience as a case study." Native Plants Journal 19, no. 3: 224-238.

Journal article
Published: 22 November 2018 in Small Ruminant Research
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic viability of finishing Morada Nova in two feedlot systems: with and without inclusion of bovine cheese whey in the diet. Extrapolation was performed to a module of 240 lambs per year based on a three-cycle production system (each cycle with 100 days). The use of bovine cheese whey resulted in better economic viability. Reduction of labor costs and improvement of the lambs’ sale price at the end of the finishing phase were major factors.

ACS Style

Marcos Cláudio Pinheiro Rogério; Espedito Cezário Martins; Luciana Shiotsuki; Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeu; James Pierre Muir; Alexandre Ribeiro Araújo; Delano De Sousa Oliveira; José Lochaider Lima Magalhães; Warley Éfrem Campos; Olivardo Facó; Arnaud Azevedo Alves; Luciana Shiotisuki Belchior. Economic viability of finishing lambs in the feedlot using bovine cheese whey as a dietary ingredient. Small Ruminant Research 2018, 170, 131 -136.

AMA Style

Marcos Cláudio Pinheiro Rogério, Espedito Cezário Martins, Luciana Shiotsuki, Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeu, James Pierre Muir, Alexandre Ribeiro Araújo, Delano De Sousa Oliveira, José Lochaider Lima Magalhães, Warley Éfrem Campos, Olivardo Facó, Arnaud Azevedo Alves, Luciana Shiotisuki Belchior. Economic viability of finishing lambs in the feedlot using bovine cheese whey as a dietary ingredient. Small Ruminant Research. 2018; 170 ():131-136.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcos Cláudio Pinheiro Rogério; Espedito Cezário Martins; Luciana Shiotsuki; Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeu; James Pierre Muir; Alexandre Ribeiro Araújo; Delano De Sousa Oliveira; José Lochaider Lima Magalhães; Warley Éfrem Campos; Olivardo Facó; Arnaud Azevedo Alves; Luciana Shiotisuki Belchior. 2018. "Economic viability of finishing lambs in the feedlot using bovine cheese whey as a dietary ingredient." Small Ruminant Research 170, no. : 131-136.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2018 in Ecological Restoration
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Cynodon dactylon (Bermudagrass) is an invasive grass found in some southwestern U.S. grasslands and is linked to decreased wildlife abundance. Cynodon dactylon removal is a necessary first step in many native grassland restoration projects. We evaluated seven C. dactylon removal methods in three Texas ecoregions, seeking to determine which most effectively suppressed C. dactylon growth in varying environmental conditions. We applied treatments to 355-m2 plots throughout summer 2015 and measured aboveground, living plant biomass, height, canopy cover, and species richness within plots in April–July 2016. Six treatments reduced (p ≤ 0.05) C. dactylon canopy cover compared to untreated controls at all study sites: single and repeated glyphosate herbicide applications—with or without shredding C. dactylon to 3-cm height two weeks prior, a single imazapyr herbicide application, and a glyphosate, imazapic, and imazapyr herbicide combination all resulted in ≥ 98.60% C. dactylon canopy cover and biomass reduction. A single glyphosate application reduced C. dactylon canopy cover 72.13 ± 27.74% compared to controls. Shredding grass and overseeding Vicia villosa (hairy vetch) reduced (p ≤ 0.05) C. dactylon biomass 49.45 ± 6.92% and height 13.58 ± 0.04% but did not decrease canopy cover relative to controls in any ecoregion. Overseeding V. villosa and shredding C. dactylon prior to herbicide application resulted in greater volunteer plant species richness and greater above-soil biomass. Treatment ability to suppress C. dactylon growth was similar across ecoregions. This implies land managers may use C. dactylon-suppression methodologies standardized for the entire state of Texas and likely beyond. By utilizing our results to effectively suppress C. dactylon, pastures can be prepared for conversion to native rangeland and prairie ecosystems.

ACS Style

Trevor S. Farthing; James P. Muir; Anthony D. Falk; Darrel Murray. Efficacy of Seven Invasive-Bermudagrass Removal Strategies in Three Texas Ecoregions. Ecological Restoration 2018, 36, 306 -314.

AMA Style

Trevor S. Farthing, James P. Muir, Anthony D. Falk, Darrel Murray. Efficacy of Seven Invasive-Bermudagrass Removal Strategies in Three Texas Ecoregions. Ecological Restoration. 2018; 36 (4):306-314.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trevor S. Farthing; James P. Muir; Anthony D. Falk; Darrel Murray. 2018. "Efficacy of Seven Invasive-Bermudagrass Removal Strategies in Three Texas Ecoregions." Ecological Restoration 36, no. 4: 306-314.

Research article
Published: 08 November 2018 in Ecohydrology
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Depending on severity, wildfire alters stand biomass, tree species distribution, and age, which may modify stand transpiration (Et) and the amount of water available to other parts of the hydrologic cycle. Our objective was to determine how wildfire severity affected Et in mixed pine/oak (Pinus taeda L./Quercus stellata Wangehn., Quercus marilandica Muenchh.) stands in the Lost Pines eco‐region (Bastrop, TX, USA). Transpiration was estimated for mature pines and oaks at unburned and moderately burned sites, and oak resprouts and pine saplings at a severely burned plot. On average, mature pines had 36% greater sap flux rates (Js) than mature oaks in the unburned and moderately burned stands. Under low moisture stress, regenerating pines had greater Js than resprouting oaks, but Js quickly decreased as soil moisture declined. By contrast, mature pines were unaffected by dry periods. Pines contributed most to Et at the unburned and moderate stands. Conversely, oak Et dominated the severely burned stand, contributing over 95%. Transpiration was greatest at the moderately burned stand (2.02 mm day‐1), followed by the unburned (1.44 mm day‐1), and the severely burned stands (0.46 mm day‐1). Despite greater Js in resprouts and saplings, reductions in total sapwood area resulted in lower stand‐level daily Et at the severe site. Although severe fire decreased stand transpiration through reductions in vegetation density, individual oak resprouts appear to thrive, undeterred by high vapor pressure deficit. Without pine planting, oaks will likely dominate severely burned stands which could result in shifts to local hydrology and microclimate.

ACS Style

Caitlyn E. Cooper; Luiza M.T. Aparecido; James P. Muir; Cristine L.S. Morgan; James L. Heilman; Georgianne W. Moore. Transpiration in recovering mixed loblolly pine and oak stands following wildfire in the Lost Pines region of Texas. Ecohydrology 2018, 12, e2052 .

AMA Style

Caitlyn E. Cooper, Luiza M.T. Aparecido, James P. Muir, Cristine L.S. Morgan, James L. Heilman, Georgianne W. Moore. Transpiration in recovering mixed loblolly pine and oak stands following wildfire in the Lost Pines region of Texas. Ecohydrology. 2018; 12 (1):e2052.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caitlyn E. Cooper; Luiza M.T. Aparecido; James P. Muir; Cristine L.S. Morgan; James L. Heilman; Georgianne W. Moore. 2018. "Transpiration in recovering mixed loblolly pine and oak stands following wildfire in the Lost Pines region of Texas." Ecohydrology 12, no. 1: e2052.

Article
Published: 30 October 2018 in Plant Ecology
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We monitored differences in rates of foliar carbon-compound increases with progressive drought as an indicator of sink limitation status and subsequent drought tolerance. We postulate that species which increase foliar carbohydrates and protein-precipitable phenolics (PPP) more quickly than related species over the same time period and drought conditions have stronger sink limitations and are therefore less drought tolerant. Quercus macrocarpa, Q. shumardii, and Q. virginiana saplings were subjected to two treatments for approximately 3.5 months: (1) watered, which received the equivalent of average weekly precipitation for College Station, TX, USA, and (2) droughted, in which precipitation was reduced by 100%. Q. virginiana’s photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) were 44 and 54% greater, respectively, than the other species in the drought treatment. Q. virginiana’s gs also increased more dramatically with watering and subsequent increases in predawn leaf water potential. This plasticity suggests Q. virginiana is best equipped to deal with sporadic rainfall events and soil moisture changes, at least in the short term. Results indicate that the three species allocate carbon from photosynthate in different ways. Q. shumardii had the most soluble sugar in its foliage but had the least PPP, while Q. virginiana and macrocarpa had more PPP and less sugar than Q. shumardii. Diameter:height growth rate was greatest in Q. shumardii. Foliar protein-precipitable phenolic content appears to be more affected by factors other than drought. Differences in species’ physiological responses to drought may result in stand composition shifts with future climate alterations.

ACS Style

Caitlyn E. Cooper; Jason G. Vogel; James P. Muir; Georgianne W. Moore. Leaf functional trait responses to changes in water status differ among three oak (Quercus) species. Plant Ecology 2018, 219, 1463 -1479.

AMA Style

Caitlyn E. Cooper, Jason G. Vogel, James P. Muir, Georgianne W. Moore. Leaf functional trait responses to changes in water status differ among three oak (Quercus) species. Plant Ecology. 2018; 219 (12):1463-1479.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caitlyn E. Cooper; Jason G. Vogel; James P. Muir; Georgianne W. Moore. 2018. "Leaf functional trait responses to changes in water status differ among three oak (Quercus) species." Plant Ecology 219, no. 12: 1463-1479.

Animal science
Published: 01 September 2018 in Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira
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The objective of this work was to characterize condensed tannins (CT) from six tropical forage legumes and to determine their biological activity. The monomers propelargonidin, prodelphinidin and procyanidin were analyzed, as well as extractable condensed tannin (ECT), protein-bound CT (PBCT) and fiber-bound CT (FBCT), molecular weight, degree of polymerization, polydispersity index, and biological activity by protein precipitate by phenols (PPP) of leaves of the legumes Cajanus cajan, Gliricidia sepium, Stylosanthes capitata x Stylosanthes macrocephala (stylo), Flemingia macrophylla, Cratylia argentea, and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, and of the bark of this latter species. Differences were observed in the concentrations of ECT, PBCT, PPP, and total condensed tannin among species, but not in that of FBCT. The highest value of PBCT occurred in F. macrophylla. Total CT varied from nondetected concentration in C. argentea to the highest concentration in M. caesalpiniifolia leaves that contain the greatest levels of PPP. No differences were observed for polymerization degree in stylo, F. macrophylla, and M. caesalpiniifolia. Leaves of stylo, C. cajan, and G. sepium, all containing between 20 and 50 g kg-1 total CT, should be beneficial CT sources, if offered as sole feeds in ruminant diets. The ratio of prodelphinidin:procyanidin varies from 10:80 (stylo) to 65:35 (F. machrophylla), and propelargonidin is only determined in C. argentea.

ACS Style

Tatiana Pires Pereira; Elisa Cristina Modesto; Delci De Deus Nepomuceno; Osniel Faria De Oliveira; Rafaela Freitas; James Pierre Muir; José Carlos Batista Dubeux Junior; João Carlos De Carvalho Almeida. Characterization and biological activity of condensed tannins from tropical forage legumes. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 2018, 53, 1070 -1077.

AMA Style

Tatiana Pires Pereira, Elisa Cristina Modesto, Delci De Deus Nepomuceno, Osniel Faria De Oliveira, Rafaela Freitas, James Pierre Muir, José Carlos Batista Dubeux Junior, João Carlos De Carvalho Almeida. Characterization and biological activity of condensed tannins from tropical forage legumes. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira. 2018; 53 (9):1070-1077.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tatiana Pires Pereira; Elisa Cristina Modesto; Delci De Deus Nepomuceno; Osniel Faria De Oliveira; Rafaela Freitas; James Pierre Muir; José Carlos Batista Dubeux Junior; João Carlos De Carvalho Almeida. 2018. "Characterization and biological activity of condensed tannins from tropical forage legumes." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 53, no. 9: 1070-1077.

Conference paper
Published: 26 April 2018 in Breeding Grasses and Protein Crops in the Era of Genomics
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As ruminant species diversify in natural and managed ecosystems in an effort to increase production, so does the need for greater plant diversity. Legume shrub propagation is rarely targeted for this purpose. As an example, the wide range of native perennial, shrub (0.5–3 m) legumes in Texas indicates untapped potential for multiple uses such as forage, ecosystems services, wildlife habitat, fuel, and possibly pulse crops. We propose that concerted programs to identify, collect, characterize, domesticate and commercialize these legumes could lead to multiple benefits in native and cultivated ecosystems characterized by herbaceous, shrubby and arboreal canopies, each contributing to greater herbage and animal productivity than mono-canopy systems. This approach could be applied in Europe and throughout the world.

ACS Style

J. P. Muir; F. S. Forrest; J. Brady; José Dubeux; W. D. Pitman. Domesticating Shrubby Native Legumes for Pastures and Natural Grasslands. Breeding Grasses and Protein Crops in the Era of Genomics 2018, 46 -50.

AMA Style

J. P. Muir, F. S. Forrest, J. Brady, José Dubeux, W. D. Pitman. Domesticating Shrubby Native Legumes for Pastures and Natural Grasslands. Breeding Grasses and Protein Crops in the Era of Genomics. 2018; ():46-50.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. P. Muir; F. S. Forrest; J. Brady; José Dubeux; W. D. Pitman. 2018. "Domesticating Shrubby Native Legumes for Pastures and Natural Grasslands." Breeding Grasses and Protein Crops in the Era of Genomics , no. : 46-50.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Crop Science
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Overseeding dormant bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] ‘Tifton 85’ with cool-season annuals in the southeastern United States could provide winter and spring forage or bioenergy feedstock. We overseeded cool-season annual legumes and grasses in monocultures or mixtures into dormant Tifton 85 and compared aboveground dry matter (DM) and N yields of single harvests at peak biomass production and a multiple harvest forage system. We also measured first-cut spring Tifton 85 yields. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yielded as much or more (P ≤ 0.05) biomass in a single-harvest system than other grasses only during a dry cool season. Well-distributed precipitation, in combination with multiple cool-season grass legume harvests, resulted in lower yields than the single harvest system, whereas the reverse occurred when precipitation was erratic. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) matured later in the spring, and monocultures or mixes with it yielded more (P ≤ 0.05) DM and N than the more precocious crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.). A drier cool season followed by a spring with good precipitation, as well as repeated cool-season grass and legume harvests, resulted in more (P ≤ 0.05) spring first-cut Tifton 85 DM regrowth. Results provide several management options to maximize cool-season, annual legume, and grass bioenergy feedstock or forage while minimizing negative and maximizing positive effects on subsequent early spring Tifton 85 regrowth. Copyright © 2018. . Copyright © by the Crop Science Society of America, Inc.

ACS Style

Joshua A. White; James P. Muir; Barry D. Lambert. Overseeding Cool‐Season Annual Legumes and Grasses into Dormant ‘Tifton 85’ Bermudagrass for Forage and Biomass. Crop Science 2018, 58, 964 -971.

AMA Style

Joshua A. White, James P. Muir, Barry D. Lambert. Overseeding Cool‐Season Annual Legumes and Grasses into Dormant ‘Tifton 85’ Bermudagrass for Forage and Biomass. Crop Science. 2018; 58 (2):964-971.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joshua A. White; James P. Muir; Barry D. Lambert. 2018. "Overseeding Cool‐Season Annual Legumes and Grasses into Dormant ‘Tifton 85’ Bermudagrass for Forage and Biomass." Crop Science 58, no. 2: 964-971.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in American Journal of Plant Sciences
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Non-food lignocellulosic crops with both high biomass yields and superior adaptation to marginal lands have significant potential as biofuel feedstocks that can replace fossil fuels. Deployment of dedicated crops into single biofuels, however, has been reduced by conversion technology costs and low petroleum prices. Integrated biorefinery strategies, in which value-added coproducts are generated in conjunction with biofuels, by comparison offer opportunities to overcome this economic disadvantage. The objective of this research was to evaluate succinic acid accumulation across candidate lignocellulosic feedstocks. Feedstock entries included pearl millet x napiergrass hybrids (“PMN”; Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br. × P. purpureum Schumach.), napiergrass (P. purpureum Schumach.), annual sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), pearl millet (P. glaucum [L.] R. Br.), perennial sorghum (Sorghum spp.), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), giant miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus J. M. Greef & Deuter) and energy cane (Saccharum spp. L.). Replicated field plots, as well as an independent greenhouse trial, were characterized for succinic acid content. The PMN, napiergrass, sunn hemp and energy cane entries had greater (P ≤ 0.05) succinic acid yields, up to 556 kg·ha-1, in field trials. Napiergrass and PMN entries similarly had higher succinic acid yields under greenhouse conditions; however, irrigation treatments did not alter succinic acid accumulation in this study. Napiergrass, PMN, and energy cane thus are promising biorefinery feedstocks.

ACS Style

Yifeng Xu; Jamie L. Foster; James P. Muir; Byron L. Burson; Russell W. Jessup. Succinic Acid Production across Candidate Lignocellulosic Biorefinery Feedstocks. American Journal of Plant Sciences 2018, 09, 2141 -2153.

AMA Style

Yifeng Xu, Jamie L. Foster, James P. Muir, Byron L. Burson, Russell W. Jessup. Succinic Acid Production across Candidate Lignocellulosic Biorefinery Feedstocks. American Journal of Plant Sciences. 2018; 09 (11):2141-2153.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yifeng Xu; Jamie L. Foster; James P. Muir; Byron L. Burson; Russell W. Jessup. 2018. "Succinic Acid Production across Candidate Lignocellulosic Biorefinery Feedstocks." American Journal of Plant Sciences 09, no. 11: 2141-2153.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Forest Ecology and Management
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ACS Style

Caitlyn E. Cooper; James P. Muir; Cristine L.S. Morgan; Georgianne Moore. Tortoise or hare: Will resprouting oaks or reseeding pines dominate following severe wildfire? Forest Ecology and Management 2018, 408, 54 -66.

AMA Style

Caitlyn E. Cooper, James P. Muir, Cristine L.S. Morgan, Georgianne Moore. Tortoise or hare: Will resprouting oaks or reseeding pines dominate following severe wildfire? Forest Ecology and Management. 2018; 408 ():54-66.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caitlyn E. Cooper; James P. Muir; Cristine L.S. Morgan; Georgianne Moore. 2018. "Tortoise or hare: Will resprouting oaks or reseeding pines dominate following severe wildfire?" Forest Ecology and Management 408, no. : 54-66.

Journal article
Published: 28 November 2017 in Grassland Science
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Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata [Dumont de Courset] G. Don.; SL) is a perennial, warm-season legume containing condensed tannins (CT) that can play important roles in ruminant ecosystems. Our research objective was to determine season-long average herbage CT fractions, crude protein (CP) and fiber concentrations under three harvest regimens for SL cv. AU Grazer at five locations within the southeastern USA during 2010. Harvest regimens were regrowth every 35 days (35-day), previously uncut plots every 35 days (ACCUM), or regrowth when height reached 40 cm (40 cm). We found harvest regimen by location interactions (P ≤ 0.05) for all dependent variables. The ACCUM plants usually had greater (P ≤ 0.05) fiber concentrations where there were differences, except for the Louisiana location. The lowest (114 g kg−1; P ≤ 0.05) CP concentrations were measured in ACCUM plants at the driest location (Texas) while the highest (181 g kg−1 for North Carolina plants) came from the 35-day regimen. Total CT (TCT) concentration varied (P ≤ 0.05) from a low of 61.1 g kg−1 for ACCUM plants in Louisiana to 100.7 g kg−1 for Texas plants harvested from 35-day plots. In summary, harvest regimen influenced SL nutrient and CT concentrations. Fiber concentration was better correlated (−0.621 for acid detergent fiber; P ≤ 0.05) with TCT than CP (−0.014; P = 0.82). Sericea lespedeza regrowth harvested every 35 days had higher season-long average TCT concentrations in two of five locations along with greater CP and less fiber concentrations in four of five locations compared to the ACCUM regimen.

ACS Style

James P. Muir; Thomas H. Terrill; Jorge A. Mosjidis; Jean-Marie Luginbuhl; James E. Miller; Joan M. Burke; Samuel W. Coleman. Harvest regimen changes sericea lespedeza condensed tannin, fiber and protein concentrations. Grassland Science 2017, 64, 137 -144.

AMA Style

James P. Muir, Thomas H. Terrill, Jorge A. Mosjidis, Jean-Marie Luginbuhl, James E. Miller, Joan M. Burke, Samuel W. Coleman. Harvest regimen changes sericea lespedeza condensed tannin, fiber and protein concentrations. Grassland Science. 2017; 64 (2):137-144.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James P. Muir; Thomas H. Terrill; Jorge A. Mosjidis; Jean-Marie Luginbuhl; James E. Miller; Joan M. Burke; Samuel W. Coleman. 2017. "Harvest regimen changes sericea lespedeza condensed tannin, fiber and protein concentrations." Grassland Science 64, no. 2: 137-144.