Background: Globally, under-nutrition and hypertension in children has been associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between under-nutrition and hypertension, furthermore, to determine the risk of developing hypertension due to under-nutrition. Methods: The study comprised of 1701 participants (874 boys and 827 girls) between the ages of 9 and 17 years old. All anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were taken according to standard procedures. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), body mass index (BMI), upper arm fat area (UFA), total upper arm area (TUAA) and upper arm muscle area (UMA) of Ellisras children were compared with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III reference population. The linear regression models were used to determine the relationship between under-nutrition with hypertension for unadjusted and then adjusted for age and gender. The logistic regression model was used to determine the risk of under-nutrition on developing hypertension for unadjusted and adjusted for age and gender. Results: There was a positive significant (p < 0.0001) association between all under-nutrition variables (MUAC, BMI, UFA, TUAA and UMA) and systolic blood pressure (SBP; beta ranges between 0.84 and 2.78), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; beta ranges between 0.3 and 1.08 before adjusting and after adjusting for age and gender (SBP, beta ranges between 0.59 and 2.00 and DBP (beta ranges between 0.24 and 0.80. Conclusion: The prevalence of under-nutrition was high while the prevalence of hypertension was low in this study. The mean under-nutrition variables (BMI, UFA, UMA and MUAC) of Ellisras children were far lower compared to the NHANES III reference population. Hypertension was significantly associated with under-nutrition in this study.

The article joins the ongoing discourse of subalterns and the manner in which they inscribe their lives as scripts to explain their relationship with spaces and places they consider to be home. It also contributes from the same subaltern position to the heated debate in settler/colonial studies which are part of the grand theory of postcolonial discourse. The subaltern, as I shall illustrate is not always the muted, waiting-to-be-rescued subject, but a revolutionary self, resisting displacement, erasure and deracination. I will show how NS Puleng writing in Sepedi unsettles the master narrative discourses of dominance, thus giving voice to the voiceless. I shall further demonstrate how the writer defines and constructs 'home' despite the borders set by colonial/apartheid machinations. To bring home this debate, I will largely focus on NS Puleng's two classical poetic works, namely Malopo a boreti and Seipone sa madimabe to reflect how 'home' is constructed in Sepedi literature. The author has purposively selected seven poems as units of analysis, namely Ga ke mofaladi, Ke kae mo, Gareadulelaruri, Gona kua matopeng, and Matlakasuthe from Malopo a boreti, and two from Seipone sa madimabe: Bohwa bja ka and Mo ke bokhutso.

The purpose of this article is to raise an old debate that seeks to explore textual relations and how meaning is ascribed to texts. Is meaning finite? Is the author responsible for the meaning of the texts (s)he produces? The other question is whether heteroglossia implies a deliberate disruption and imitation of other texts. The article uses heteroglossia, a concept adapted by Julia Kristeva as ‘intertextuality’ to examine Sepedi poetry written by NS Puleng and examine ‘transportations’, and ‘intertextual weavings’ of other texts discernible in Puleng’s poems. By doing this, the article revives the death of the author and the “birth of the reader” as old debates clothed in textual theories espoused by theorists such as Roland Barthes and Kristeva in their attack on the capitalist notions of readers as consumers and authors as producers and holders of knowledge. By using the analogy of ‘old wine in new bottles’, I demonstrate that the views of earlier theorists in language politics are still relevant today.

Several studies that have been conducted about the Changamire society fall short of fully explaining this ancient society's direct impact on the current Southern African ethnological landscape. Although a number of studies conducted in South Africa, Botswana, Mozambique and Zimbabwe show various societies may have emerged from the Changamire, these studies rarely give a clear chronology regarding the emigrations from this ancient society. This article uses oral historical methodology to explore the migration history and some genealogy of the Valoyi of Limpopo as one of the Changamire offshoots in an attempt to give a lucid chronology of events pertaining to one of this ancient society's traceable offshoots. Orla testimonies, conversations, anecdotes and interviews are used to collect oral data. Using oral accounts and available literature, the article outlines a movement of the Valoyi from the country of the Changamire in the present-day Zimbabwe to the present-day Mozambique and later to South Africa's Limpopo Province, where they are currently found. Following latest trends in oral history, collected data are subjected to oral historical methodology, privileging the voice of the narrator. Collected voices are triangulated with other voices and available secondary data, although there are limited written sources available. By employing oral historical methodology, the study contributes to indigenous methodologies and narrative methods of data collection and analysis, mainstreaming neglected indigenous discourses and epistemologies. Contribution: This study broadens the debate on the role of oral history to document genealogical links within cross border historiography, especially documented fragmented communities separated by different colonial regimes.