In the last few decades, health systems research (HSR) has garnered much attention with a rapid increase in the related literature. This study aims to review and evaluate the global progress in HSR and assess the current quantitative trends.

General practitioners (GPs) are the most important providers of primary health care, as proven by related research published several decades ago. However, the knowledge structure and theme trends of such research remain unclear. Accordingly, this study aimed to provide an overview of the development of research on GPs over the period of 1999 to 2014.

To implement and evaluate a large-scale online cervical cancer screening programme in Hubei Province, China, supported by artificial intelligence and delivered by trained health workers. The screening programme, which started in 2017, used four types of health worker: sampling health workers, slide preparation technicians, diagnostic health workers and cytopathologists. Sampling health workers took samples from the women on site; slide preparation technicians prepared slides for liquid-based cytology; diagnostic health workers identified negative samples and classified positive samples based on the Bethesda System after cytological assessment using online artificial intelligence; and cytopathologists reviewed positive samples and signed reports of the results online. The programme used fully automated scanners, online artificial intelligence, an online screening management platform, and mobile telephone devices to provide screening services. We evaluated the sustainability, performance and cost of the programme. From 2017 to 2021, 1 518 972 women in 16 cities in Hubei Province participated in the programme, of whom 1 474 788 (97.09%) had valid samples for the screening. Of the 86 648 women whose samples were positive, 30 486 required a biopsy but only 19 495 had one. The biopsy showed that 2785 women had precancerous lesions and 191 had invasive cancers. The cost of screening was 6.31 United States dollars (US$) per woman for the public payer: US$ 1.03 administrative costs and US$ 5.28 online screening costs. Cervical cancer screening using artificial intelligence in Hubei Province provided a low-cost, accessible and effective service, which will contribute to achieving universal cervical cancer screening coverage in China.

This study harnesses machine learning to dissect the complex socioeconomic determinants of depression risk among older adults across five international cohorts (HRS, ELSA, SHARE, CHARLS, MHAS). Evaluating six predictive algorithms, XGBoost demonstrated superior performance in four cohorts (AUC 0.7677-0.8771), while LightGBM excelled in ELSA (AUC 0.9011). SHAP analyses identified self-rated health as the predominant predictor, though key factors varied notably-gender was especially influential in MHAS. Stratified analyses by income and sex revealed marked heterogeneity: wealth, employment, digital inclusion, and marital status exerted greater influence in lower-income groups, with distinct gender-specific patterns. These findings highlight machine learning's capacity to reveal nuanced, context-dependent risk profiles beyond traditional models, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions that address the diverse vulnerabilities of aging populations, particularly those socioeconomically disadvantaged.