O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a tendência e fatores associados à insegurança alimentar no Brasil nos anos de 2004, 2009 e 2013, utilizando microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD). A insegurança alimentar foi avaliada por meio da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. As variáveis independentes foram selecionadas a partir de modelo conceitual de determinação da insegurança alimentar, sendo esse também utilizado para a elaboração dos modelos lineares generalizados múltiplos. Os resultados descrevem tendência de redução na prevalência de insegurança alimentar entre 2004-2013, especialmente, quanto à insegurança alimentar moderada e grave que passou de 17% (IC95%: 15,7-18,4) em 2004 para 7,9% (IC95%: 7,2-8,7) em 2013. Por outro lado, apesar das importantes reduções na prevalência de insegurança alimentar moderada e grave, observou-se que, independentemente do nível de determinação, os estratos populacionais com menor prevalência em 2004 apresentaram redução relativa de maior magnitude. Quanto aos fatores associados à insegurança alimentar moderada e grave, permaneceram os mesmos nos dez anos cobertos pela PNAD, sendo eles: as macrorregiões Norte/Nordeste, área urbana (na presença de saneamento inadequado), densidade domiciliar > 2 pessoas/dormitório, possuir ≤ 4 bens de consumo e a pessoa de referência do domicílio ser do sexo feminino, ter idade < 60 anos, a raça/etnia ser diferente de branca, ter escolaridade ≤ 4 anos e estar desempregada. Entre 2004-2013, a prevalência de domicílios brasileiros em situação de insegurança alimentar moderada e grave caiu pela metade; contudo, dentro da perspectiva da equidade, destaca-se que os avanços ocorreram de modo desigual, sendo menores nos estratos de maior vulnerabilidade social, econômica e demográfica.

Meal timing relative to sleep/wake schedules is relevant in the search for obesity risk factors. However, clock time does not accurately characterize the timing of food intake in the context of internal circadian timing. Therefore, we studied elapsed between dinner and the midpoint of sleep (TDM) as a practical approach to evaluate meal timing relative to internal timing, and its implications on obesity. To do so, adiposity, sleep, diet, physical activity, and TDM were measured in 133 women. The participants were grouped into four categories according to their sleep timing behavior (early-bed/early-rise; early-bed/late-rise; late-bed/early-rise; late-bed/late-rise). Differences among the categories were tested using ANOVA, while restricted cubic splines were calculated to study the association between TDM and adiposity. Our results show that, although participants had dinner at about the same time, those that had the shortest TDM (early-bed/early-rise group) were found to have significantly higher BMI and waist circumference values (2.3 kg/m² and 5.2 cm) than the other groups. In addition, a TDM of 6 h was associated with the lowest values of adiposity. The TDM could be a practical approach to personalizing meal timing based on individual sleep/wake schedules. Thus, according to our findings, dining 6 h before the midpoint of sleep is an important finding and could be vital for future nutritional recommendations and for obesity prevention and treatment.

OBJETIVO: Descrever e discutir a introdução de alimentos industrializados na dieta de crianças frequentadoras de berçários em creches, considerando a recomendação do Ministério da Saúde para uma alimentação saudável. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 270 crianças frequentadoras de berçários de 8 creches públicas e filantrópicas do município de São Paulo. Por meio de questionário estruturado e pré-codificado, foi avaliada a introdução de alimentos a partir de 11 perguntas. Para cada alimento analisado foi registrada a idade em meses de introdução e avaliada a concordância com o oitavo passo do Guia Alimentar. No estudo das associações, utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado, a partir das variáveis idade e escolaridade maternas, renda familiar e trabalho da mãe fora do lar. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostram que para aproximadamente 2/3 das crianças foram oferecidos, antes dos 12 meses, alimentos com potencial obesogênico, como macarrão instantâneo, salgadinhos, bolacha recheada, suco artificial, refrigerante e bala/pirulito/chocolate. São os filhos de mães com baixa escolaridade, mais jovens e com menor renda, os mais susceptíveis ao erro alimentar de introdução precoce de alimentos industrializados. CONCLUSÃO: Diante desses resultados, medidas educativas e preventivas devem ser propostas para a formação de hábitos alimentares saudáveis desde a infância, além da criação de campanhas abrangentes e efetivas que estimulem o consumo de frutas e hortaliças, considerando-se os fatores culturais, comportamentais e afetivos envolvidos com a alimentação.

In Brazil, population-based researches analyzing prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), a recognized predictor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and an important cause of disability and death in the country are scarce. To evaluate prevalence of MS and its associated factors in Brazilian population. Secondary analysis of the 2013 National Health Survey, a cross-sectional survey with national representativeness of Brazilian adult population (n = 59,402). MS was the outcome variable, defined from harmonization of cardiology international consensus as load ≥ 3 of the following components: self-reported diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure and high waist circumference. Analysis were stratified by sex and prevalence ratios, with their respective 99% confidence intervals (PR [CI 99%]) calculated by simple and multiple Poisson regression models. MS prevalence was 8.9%, being significantly higher among women compared to men; in general, this pattern was maintained in relation to exposure variables studied. Additionally, less than 25% of population did not present any MS component. In final multiple models, sociodemographic, behavioral and comorbidity variables were associated with MS, however, while low schooling (1.46 [1.23-1.74], cerebrovascular accident (1.36 [1], 00] (1.28 [1.03-1.62]) were associated among women, chronic renal failure (1.85 [2.23-2.76]) was associated exclusively among men. We identified MS high prevalence in Brazilian population; on the other hand, factors associated with this condition were different depending on sex.

To investigate the association of sleep and circadian hygiene practices (sleep-promoting and sleep-disturbing behaviors) with sleep quality indicators. Participants (n = 2050; 18–65 y) were part of virtual population-based research. Logistic regression models were fitted to assess differences in the OR (95% CI) of poor quality with sleep-promoting/disturbing practices (time-of-day of exercise, pre-bedtime routine, naps, electronic devices with illuminated screens, caffeine and alcohol consumption, and smoking). Linear regression analyses evaluated differences in sleep duration, latency, and awakenings associated with the same variables. Restricted cubic splines were used to study the shape of the association of screen time before bed with sleep duration, latency, and awakenings. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, region, marital status, educational level, evening diet quality, and BMI. Evening use of electronic devices with illuminated screens showed a negative effect on all sleep parameters. Reporting dinner as the largest meal and evening caffeine consumption was associated with shorter sleep duration and longer sleep latency. Smokers had higher odds of longer latency. A protective effect of morning exercises was demonstrated on sleep quality, latency, and awakenings. Alcohol consumers presented lower odds of poor quality and lower frequency of awakenings. Pre-bedtime practices showed no or negative effect on sleep outcomes. Recommendations to promote sleep quality and prevent sleep-related problems, with corresponding circadian health benefits, should include engaging in regular exercise, preferably in the morning, and avoiding naps, heavy meals close to bedtime, caffeine, smoking, and evening screen exposure.