During the last few years, electric and hydrogen vehicles have become an alternative to cars that use internal combustion engines. The number of electric and hydrogen vehicles sold has increased due to support from local governments and because car manufacturers will stop the production of internal combustion engines in the near future. The emissions of these vehicles while being driven are zero, but they still have an impact on the environment due to their fuel. In this article, an analysis of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions for two types of vehicles: battery electric vehicles (BEVs) powered by electricity and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) powered by hydrogen, is presented. The analysis considers different values for the mix of power generation and hydrogen production options in comparison to other studies. The CO₂ emissions were calculated and compared for the two types of vehicles. The results show that the CO₂ emissions of BEVs are lower when compared to FCEVs if the hydrogen is obtained from pollutant sources and is higher if the hydrogen is obtained from nuclear power and renewable energy sources. When compared to conventional combustion engine vehicles, BEVs have lower CO₂ emissions, while the emissions of FCEVs are dependent on the hydrogen production method.

This paper describes the optimal location of a 2.3 MW distributed generator (DG) in a test system (IEEE 14 bus test system) based on the power losses. The distributed generator (DG) optimal location will determined considering the power losses at each bus where the DG is connected. The power losses at each bus will be determined with the Neplan software, using the Newton-Raphson extended method.

This paper describes a smart grid economic dispatch (SGED) approach without considering the network equality security constraints. The economic dispatch (ED) problem is one of the fundamental problems in the power system. The objective of ED is to reduce the total power generation cost. The SGED is performed for a test system that comprises three generators and one battery storage device (a 5 MW hydrogen storage unit), considering the consumer power demand. The economic dispatch will be performed for the whole day. The economic dispatch is performed according to the ascending power production cost.

Hydrogen is considered the primary energy source of the future. The best use of hydrogen is in microgrids that have renewable energy sources (RES). These sources have a small impact on the environment when it comes to carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and a power generation cost close to that of conventional power plants. Therefore, it is important to study the impact on the environment and the power cost. The proposed microgrid comprises loads, RESs (micro-hydro and photovoltaic power plants), a hydrogen storage tank, an electric battery and fuel cell vehicles. The power cost and CO₂ emissions are calculated and compared for various scenarios, including the four seasons of the year, compared with the work of other researchers. The purpose of this paper is to continuously supply the loads and vehicles. The results show that the microgrid sources and hydrogen storage can supply consumers during the spring and summer. For winter and autumn, the power grid and steam reforming of natural gas must be used to cover the demand. The highest power costs and CO₂ emissions are for winter, while the lowest are for spring. The power cost increases during winter between 20:00 and 21:00 by 336%. The CO₂ emissions increase during winter by 8020%.

Due to the significant increase in the number of EVs, this manuscript presents a study of the total ownership cost of electric vehicles in Romania. The total cost of ownership (TCO) includes the initial purchase price, maintenance costs, power prices, and government incentives or subsidies unique to the market in Romania. The TCO was calculated for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and internal combustion vehicles (ICEs). Several vehicles were selected for the study, representing the models with the highest sales in Romania and a similar price range. The results show that EVs have a lower TCO compared with internal combustion vehicles if the battery replacement cost for EVs is not considered in the analysis. If this cost is considered, the TCO for the BEVs has a significant increase due to the high cost of the battery. Another analysis performed regards the CO₂ emissions. These are higher for ICEs compared to BEVs, so the BEVs help reduce emissions.