Background and purpose: Flavonoids are a group of phytochemicals found abundantly in various plants. Scientific evidence has revealed that flavonoids display potential biological activities, including their ability to alleviate inflammation. This activity is closely related to their action in blocking the inflammatory cascade and inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory factors. However, as flavonoids typically have poor bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile, it is quite challenging to establish these compounds as a drug. Nevertheless, progressive advancements in drug delivery systems, particularly in nanotechnology, have shown promising approaches to overcome such challenges. Review approach: This narrative review provides an overview of scientific knowledge about the mechanism of action of flavonoids in the mitigation of inflammatory reaction prior to delivering a comprehensive discussion about the opportunity of the nanotechnology-based delivery system in the preparation of the flavonoid-based drug. Key results: Various studies conducted in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials have deciphered that the anti-inflammatory activities of flavonoids are closely linked to their ability to modulate various biochemical mediators, enzymes, and signalling pathways involved in the inflammatory processes. This compound could be encapsulated in nanotechnology platforms to increase the solubility, bioavailability, and pharmacological activity of flavonoids as well as reduce the toxic effects of these compounds. Conclusion: in Summary, we conclude that flavonoids and their derivates have given promising results in their development as new anti-inflammatory drug candidates, especially if they formulate in nanoparticles.

Introduction: The current incidence of the novel coronavirus disease has shown only small reductions of cases and has become a major public health challenge. Development of effective vaccines against the virus is still being encouraged such as multi-epitope vaccines designed from the components of SARS-CoV-2 including its spike, nucleocapsid and ORF1a proteins. Since the addition of adjuvants including HABA protein and L7/L12 ribosomal are considered helpful to increase the effectiveness of the designed vaccine, we proposed to design multiepitope vaccines by two different adjuvants. Methods: We used the IEDB server to predict BCL and TCL epitopes that were characterized using online tools including VaxiJen, AllPred and IL-10 Prediction. The selected epitopes were further constructed into multiepitope vaccines. We also added two different adjuvants to the vaccine components in order to increase the effectiveness of the vaccines. The 3D-structured vaccines were built using trRosetta. They were further docked with different Toll-like-receptors (TLR 3, 4 and 8) and the entry receptor of SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 using ClusPro, PatchDock and refined by FireDock. All structures were visualized by USCF Chimera and PyMOL. Results: In this study, we succeeded in designing two different candidate vaccines by the addition of HABA protein and L7/L12 ribosomal as adjuvants. The two vaccines were almost equally good in terms of their physicochemical properties and characteristics. Likewise, their strong interactions with TLR3 4, 8 and ACE2 show the lowest energy level of both was estimated at more than -1,000. Interactions of vaccines with ACE2 and TLRs are essential for activation of immune responses and production of antibodies. Conclusion: The two designed and constructed multiepitope vaccine have good characteristics and may have the potential to activate humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. Further research is worth considering to confirm the findings of this study.

Objective: Sesewanua leaves contain alkaloid compounds as antioxidants, and its leaves can be used to formulate SNEDDS dosage forms, which can effectively deliver the medicine. This study intended to determine the variation of surfactant concentration (Tween 80) and cosurfactant (PEG 400) towards pH, viscosity, nano-emulsion duration and characterization using PSA method (particle size and polydispersity index). Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental method and the independent variables in this study were variations in the concentration of surfactant (Tween 80) and cosurfactant (PEG 400), which consist of 3 formulas, such as SFS 1 (6:3), SFS 2 (7:2), and SFS 3 (8:1). The dependent variables in this study including pH, viscosity, nano-emulsion time, particle size and polydispersity index which utilized One Way Anova Post Hoc LSD (p>0.05) and Tamhane (p<0.05) tests as the data analysis. Results: The pH test SFS1-SFS3 has a pH value of 7.92, 8.30 and 8.35, followed by Viscosity test SFS1-SFS3, which has a viscosity value of 1.00 cP, 1.38 cP and 2.91 cP. Further, the SFS1-SFS3 nano emulsified time test had nano emulsified time in gastric and intestinal fluids 35.18s and 43.96s, 43.54s and 47.13s and 44.00s and 50.29s. Characterization of SFS1-SFS3 particle size in gastric and intestinal fluids 23.9 nm and 23.0 nm, 18.5 nm and 22.7 nm and 19.1 nm and 22.9 nm, while characterization of SFS1-SFS3 polydispersity index in gastric and intestinal fluids were 0.433 and 0.348, 0.451 and 0.440 and 0.568 and 0.462. Conclusion: The increase of variations in surfactant concentration and decreased cosurfactant significantly affected pH, viscosity, nano-emulsion time, and particle size of SFS preparations. However, the polydispersity index was not considerably affected.

BACKGROUND: The bark of pulai (Alstonia scholaris [L] R.Br.) by the Gorontalo community is used for powder preparation (as a wedding ceremony custom), containing flavonoid compounds that function as sunscreens. Thus, the bark of pulai can be made in pharmaceutical preparations in the form of lotion dosage forms. AIM: This study aims to determine the SPF value of the lotion preparation of pulai bark extract. There are four formulas, formula F0 (lotion base), formula F1 (0.5%), formula F2 (1%), formula F3 (2%). METHODOLOGY: Physical evaluation of lotion preparations was carried out with organoleptic test parameters, spreadability, homogeneity, stability, pH. The SPF value of the lotion preparation was tested using the ultraviolet-Vis Spectrophotometry method with a wavelength of 290–400. RESULTS: The results of the physical evaluation of the organoleptic test and the homogeneity test were obtained that the lotion had a clear white color (F0), light yellow (F1), yellow (F2), dark yellow (F3), a characteristic smell of olive oil, and the four formulas had a thick and homogeneous consistency. The dispersion power of F0, F1, and F2 does not meet the requirements of the dispersion test value except F3. The three lotion formulations F1, F2, and F3 showed physical instability, except for F0 (lotion base). The pH of the lotions of the four formulas was in the range that was in accordance with the standard of topical preparations. CONCLUSION: The determination of the SPF value in the formulas F1, F2, and F3, respectively, was 3.3427 (minimum protection), 4.7752 (medium protection), and 5.0968 (medium protection).

BACKGROUND: Acalypha indica Linn. has been used as traditional medicine, it contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, and essential oils. AIM: This study aimed to determine the bio-larvicide effects of A. indica Linn. leaf stew and the silver nanoparticles against Anopheles sp. larvae. METHODS: The fresh leaves of A. indica Linn. extracted using distilled water at 100°C for 30 min. The silver nanoparticles were made by mixing a solution of silver nitrate with the stew, which acts as a reducing agent. The resulting silver nanoparticles were characterized by particle size analyzer and UV-vis spectrophotometer. The bio-larvicide effects against Anopheles sp. larvae performed using a completely randomized design. There were eight groups consisted of ten larvae and three replications. Treatment groups of stew and silver nanoparticle for concentrations 0.05%, 0.5%, and 5%, respectively. The negative control group was distilled water and the positive control group was the 0.01% abate solution. Assessment of larvicide activity was carried out every hour for 6 h and continued if there were larvae that live up to 24 h. The LC50 value was calculated based on Probit analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that the A. indica Linn. leaf stew can be made into silver nanoparticles preparations, optimal results were obtained from a mixture of 1% stew and 3 mM AgNO3. The result of bio-larvicides effect test against Anopheles sp. larvae showed that the LC50 value of the A. indica Linn. leaf stew was 727,3 ppm and the LC50 value of silver nanoparticles was 3.366 ppm. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that A. indica Linn. is a promising larvicidal plant and can be made into silver nanoparticle preparations.