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Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is one of the main air pollution problems that occur in major cities around the world. A country’s PM2.5 can be affected not only by country factors but also by the neighboring country’s air quality factors. Therefore, forecasting PM2.5 requires collecting data from outside the country as well as from within which is necessary for policies and plans. The data set of many variables with a relatively small number of observations can cause a dimensionality problem and limit the performance of the deep learning model. This study used daily data for five years in predicting PM2.5 concentrations in eight Korean cities through deep learning models. PM2.5 data of China were collected and used as input variables to solve the dimensionality problem using principal components analysis (PCA). The deep learning models used were a recurrent neural network (RNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM). The performance of the models with and without PCA was compared using root-mean-square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). As a result, the application of PCA in LSTM and BiLSTM, excluding the RNN, showed better performance: decreases of up to 16.6% and 33.3% in RMSE and MAE values. The results indicated that applying PCA in deep learning time series prediction can contribute to practical performance improvements, even with a small number of observations. It also provides a more accurate basis for the establishment of PM2.5 reduction policy in the country.
Sang Choi; Brian Kim. Applying PCA to Deep Learning Forecasting Models for Predicting PM2.5. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3726 .
AMA StyleSang Choi, Brian Kim. Applying PCA to Deep Learning Forecasting Models for Predicting PM2.5. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):3726.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang Choi; Brian Kim. 2021. "Applying PCA to Deep Learning Forecasting Models for Predicting PM2.5." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3726.
There have been contrasting trends in government expenditures spending among OECD countries. This study analyzed and compared the efficiency of government expenditures of OECD countries and Korea, focused on the health and welfare and social overhead capital (SOC) sectors, using data envelop analysis (DEA) and Tobit methods. Based on the indicator values of national ranking, Korea ranked 19th in the health and welfare sector and 10th in the SOC sector. However, compared to other countries in the OECD, Korea’s government expenditure has shown the highest efficiency in health and welfare (rank 1 with efficiency score of 2.401), while transportation SOC was at a level below the average (rank 13 with efficiency score of 0.813). In order to maintain a high level of efficiency in health and welfare expenditures, it is important for the Korean government to understand and improve conditions of the rates of poverty, unemployment, life expectancy, and low fertility. Moreover, in order to overcome the low level of efficiency in the SOC sector, the government needs to improve the quality of transport infrastructures along with implementation of an effective infrastructure-linking system between various modes of transportation, thereby enhancing its transport network density.
Dong Shin; Byung Cha; Brian Kim. Efficient Expenditure Allocation for Sustainable Public Services?—Comparative Cases of Korea and OECD Countries. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9501 .
AMA StyleDong Shin, Byung Cha, Brian Kim. Efficient Expenditure Allocation for Sustainable Public Services?—Comparative Cases of Korea and OECD Countries. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9501.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong Shin; Byung Cha; Brian Kim. 2020. "Efficient Expenditure Allocation for Sustainable Public Services?—Comparative Cases of Korea and OECD Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9501.
The purpose of this study is to calculate the annual carbon reduction of crops according to the carbon fixation method of agricultural land, therefore to analyze whether the economic inducement of farmers to switch from single cropping to double cropping if the amount of carbon reduction were traded on the Korea Exchange. The analysis targets were Gyeonggi Province, which was divided into four areas to compare the difference between agricultural income and carbon income by crop and cropping system. Agricultural profit was estimated by multiplying the prior data of 2012 by the change rate of the consumer price index, and carbon income was calculated through the carbon reduction for each crop and the average transaction price of KAU19 traded on the Korea Exchange. According to the analysis, the profit rate of double cropping in all areas is -110.4% to 23% compared to single cropping, when only agricultural profit is taken into account, with no economic inducement for farmers to change the cropping system. However, when carbon income is taken into account together, the profit rate of double cropping rises significantly from 122.5% to 238.9% over a single operation in all areas, resulting in an economic inducement to switch the cropping system. This research is meaningful in that farming households could raise their income by additional carbon income, and that carbon credits could be supplied at Korea Exchange to further boost the carbon emission exchange.
Tae-Jun Mo; BrianH.S Kim. Changes in Profitability of a Double Cropping using the Carbon Fixation Method. The Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning 2020, 26, 61 -70.
AMA StyleTae-Jun Mo, BrianH.S Kim. Changes in Profitability of a Double Cropping using the Carbon Fixation Method. The Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning. 2020; 26 (2):61-70.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTae-Jun Mo; BrianH.S Kim. 2020. "Changes in Profitability of a Double Cropping using the Carbon Fixation Method." The Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning 26, no. 2: 61-70.
다수의 국가에서 농촌이 쇠퇴하는 현상을 확인할 수 있으며, 특히 경작 포기지의 비율이 빠른 속도로 향상되고 있다. 일본에서 경작 포기지의 증가는 농작물의 국내 자급률 감소, 농지의 중요한 기능 중 하나인 자연재해 방지 기능의 상실, 그리고 농촌 지역사회가 계승해 오던 다양한 형태의 무형적 자산의 소실 등을 야기하였다. 농지와 농촌 지역사회 활동의 보존은 지속가능한 개발을 위해 필수적인 요소이다. 생태계 서비스는 농지가 보유한 기능 중 하나이며, 일본의 중산간 지역 직불제는 농지의 보전과 농촌 지역사회 활동을 지원하여 생태계 서비스 보존 및 유지에 일조하기에 생태계 서비스에 대한 지불(PES)이라 볼 수 있다. 본 연구의 목표는 중산간지역 직접지불제도의 혜택을 받는 지역과 RCP8.5 시나리오 하에서의 자연재해 피해액 간의 관계를 파악하여 직불제의 효율성을 간접적으로 검증하는 것이다. 본 연구의 대상지는 일본 홋카이도의 농지 전체이며, 2005년, 2010년, 2015년의 강우량 예측 패널 데이터와 농업 센서스 패널 데이터를 이용하여 한계효과를 구하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 중산간지역 직불제 해당지역이면서 농촌 지역사회 활동이 활발할수록 자연재해 피해액이 적었다. 따라서 특히 중산간지역 직불제 해당지역일수록 재해피해 감소를 위해 농촌 지역사회 활동이 필수적으로 요구된다. 본 연구의 의의는 중산간지역 직불제의 효율성을 자연재해 피해액을 통해 검증한 데 있으며, 향후 직불제의 효율성에 대한 논의에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.
BrianH.S Kim; WakamatsuMika Shin. The Efficiency of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Preservation of Farmland for Mitigation of Flood Damage in the age of Climate Change- Case study of Japan -. The Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning 2020, 26, 1 -12.
AMA StyleBrianH.S Kim, WakamatsuMika Shin. The Efficiency of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Preservation of Farmland for Mitigation of Flood Damage in the age of Climate Change- Case study of Japan -. The Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning. 2020; 26 (1):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrianH.S Kim; WakamatsuMika Shin. 2020. "The Efficiency of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Preservation of Farmland for Mitigation of Flood Damage in the age of Climate Change- Case study of Japan -." The Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning 26, no. 1: 1-12.
Rural Development Administration (RDA) has developed a manufacturing technology which can increase the amount of platycodin D in Platycodon grandiflorum. A study is needed to estimate the value of this new technology and predict the market demand for a new product. This study estimates additional amount of willingness to pay (WTP) using contingent valuation method (CVM) for a new product with the technology that RDA has developed. The survey was created under virtual health functional foods market of Platycodon grandiflorums. It was conducted with 1,000 adult males and females aged between 19 and 59 years old in 17 major cities and provinces nationwide from December 4 to December 7, 2018. The amount of WTP for the health functional Platycodon grandiflorum was drawn using maxinum likelihood estimation method. The estimated average and median WTP values are 21,933.85 won per person and 10,000 won per person, respectively. The independent factors, including the ratio of monthly average health function food consumption to income, the average monthly income level of a household, and existence of family members or relatives engaged in food and nutrition-related professions in a household, have been shown to have a statistically significant influence on the WTP. This study presents the potential magnitude of health functional food market and the value of the new technology based on health functional food market.
Hyunji Lee; Insu Chang; HaeUn Jo; BrianH.S Kim. Study on Economic Valuation of Manufacturing Technology of Platycodon grandiflorum Using Contingent Valuation Method- Focusing on the Virtual Market of Platycodon grandiflorum��s Health Functions Food -. The Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning 2020, 26, 137 -147.
AMA StyleHyunji Lee, Insu Chang, HaeUn Jo, BrianH.S Kim. Study on Economic Valuation of Manufacturing Technology of Platycodon grandiflorum Using Contingent Valuation Method- Focusing on the Virtual Market of Platycodon grandiflorum��s Health Functions Food -. The Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning. 2020; 26 (1):137-147.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyunji Lee; Insu Chang; HaeUn Jo; BrianH.S Kim. 2020. "Study on Economic Valuation of Manufacturing Technology of Platycodon grandiflorum Using Contingent Valuation Method- Focusing on the Virtual Market of Platycodon grandiflorum��s Health Functions Food -." The Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning 26, no. 1: 137-147.
Farmland exhibits multifunctionality by preventing flooding and soil erosion and providing social and cultural community comfort. All these functions are essential for sustainable rural development. However, the multifunctionality of farmland is decreasing worldwide because of an aging society, depopulation and income disparity between flat lands and hilly mountainous lands. Regarding the consequences of abandonment, abandonment is intimately linked with the wider issue of the stagnation of the rural economy. The direct payment policy for hilly mountainous land is aimed at restraining farmland abandonment through community-based activities. The panel data difference in differences (DID) estimator was employed to observe the effect of direct payments on the rate of restraining farmland abandonment at the municipality level of the Hokkaido prefecture in Japan for the period of 2005–2015. We estimated that the direct payment implementation provided a 2% effectiveness for restraining the increase in the rate of abandonment as the result of DID estimation. On the other hand, the age group of 65 years or older was negatively correlated with farmland abandonment, which contradicts the general understanding. Older farmers have relatively more interest in contributing to and preserving their community. Therefore, the direct payment can encourage them to participate more in their community preservation. From these results, we concluded that it is necessary to promote farmland consolidation to compensate for the lack of inheritors. In addition, providing direct payment for a well-organized community or active stakeholders can be an effective way of utilizing governmental budgets and sustaining rural development.
Mika Wakamatsu Shin; Brian H. S. Kim. The Effect of Direct Payment on the Prevention of Farmland Abandonment: The Case of the Hokkaido Prefecture in Japan. Sustainability 2019, 12, 334 .
AMA StyleMika Wakamatsu Shin, Brian H. S. Kim. The Effect of Direct Payment on the Prevention of Farmland Abandonment: The Case of the Hokkaido Prefecture in Japan. Sustainability. 2019; 12 (1):334.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMika Wakamatsu Shin; Brian H. S. Kim. 2019. "The Effect of Direct Payment on the Prevention of Farmland Abandonment: The Case of the Hokkaido Prefecture in Japan." Sustainability 12, no. 1: 334.
Insu Chang; Brian H. S. Kim. Correction to: Regional disparity of medical resources and its effect on age-standardized mortality rates in Korea. The Annals of Regional Science 2019, 64, 237 -237.
AMA StyleInsu Chang, Brian H. S. Kim. Correction to: Regional disparity of medical resources and its effect on age-standardized mortality rates in Korea. The Annals of Regional Science. 2019; 64 (1):237-237.
Chicago/Turabian StyleInsu Chang; Brian H. S. Kim. 2019. "Correction to: Regional disparity of medical resources and its effect on age-standardized mortality rates in Korea." The Annals of Regional Science 64, no. 1: 237-237.
The particulate matter (PM) concentration level in Korea is one of the highest among OECD countries and raises great concerns regarding how to deal with the pollution and clean up the air. The Korean government introduced action plans in 2016 and 2017 to reduce PM levels; however, PM problems intensified, and the citizenry demanded better policies to protect the national health. The objective of this study is to address current PM policy in Korea and classify the specialists’ (government officials and researchers) opinions with respect to the policies and management direction related to PM policy for diesel fuels and vehicles. Specialists in Korea are highly involved in promoting government policies; so it is valuable to gather their opinions and comments about diesel fuel policy direction and management. This study employed Q-methodology and a system thinking approach to analyze the specialists’ subjectivity and their causal relationship to PM policy. These methods are helpful in categorizing the specialists’ interests and understanding the differences among their positions. A series of interviews with specialists from various government institutions was conducted for the analysis. The results show that there is dysfunction in the ministries, an absence of effective systems to convey relevant information, and uncertainty regarding citizen participation. Therefore, a better understanding of the roles and functions of ministries needs to be considered and redefined.
Hyunji Lee; Insu Chang; Brian H. S. Kim. Specialist perception on particulate matter policy in Korea: causal relationship analysis with Q-methodology and system thinking. The Annals of Regional Science 2019, 63, 341 -373.
AMA StyleHyunji Lee, Insu Chang, Brian H. S. Kim. Specialist perception on particulate matter policy in Korea: causal relationship analysis with Q-methodology and system thinking. The Annals of Regional Science. 2019; 63 (2):341-373.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyunji Lee; Insu Chang; Brian H. S. Kim. 2019. "Specialist perception on particulate matter policy in Korea: causal relationship analysis with Q-methodology and system thinking." The Annals of Regional Science 63, no. 2: 341-373.
The progress in medical resources and technologies has played an important role in improving people’s health. Various indicators can be used to measure the health level of a country. The mortality rate is a clinical result of health and medical sectors that quantitatively displays the state or change in health levels. The effectiveness of medical resources can be quantitatively determined with the changes in mortality rate and can represent the health level of a region. In this study, 16 cities and provinces in Korea for the years from 2001 to 2014 are set as spatial and temporal scopes. Doctors, medical personnel, specialists, and number of operations are introduced as human medical resources. The number of hospital beds and number of medical facilities represent physical resources, while the high-end medical equipment represents technical advancements. The result from panel analyses indicated that all medical resources considered in this study reduce age-standardized mortality rate, with medical facilities having the greatest influence, followed by specialists, then by high-end medical equipment. These results can be interpreted to suggest that medical resources and regional economic characteristics compositely have reducing effect on mortality rate.
Insu Chang; Brian H. S. Kim. Regional disparity of medical resources and its effect on age-standardized mortality rates in Korea. The Annals of Regional Science 2019, 62, 305 -325.
AMA StyleInsu Chang, Brian H. S. Kim. Regional disparity of medical resources and its effect on age-standardized mortality rates in Korea. The Annals of Regional Science. 2019; 62 (2):305-325.
Chicago/Turabian StyleInsu Chang; Brian H. S. Kim. 2019. "Regional disparity of medical resources and its effect on age-standardized mortality rates in Korea." The Annals of Regional Science 62, no. 2: 305-325.
Increasing precipitation by climate change and the growing number of impervious areas present greater risk of disaster damage in urban areas. Urban green infrastructure can be an effective mitigation alternative in highly developed and concentrated area. This study investigates the effect of various types of urban green infrastructure on mitigating disaster damage in Korea. Tobit model is used to analyze the factors that determine disaster damage. Damage variation is predicted with scenarios of RCP 8.5 and urban green spaces. Seventy-four districts and counties in seven metropolitan areas are defined as the unit and the period from 2005 to 2013 is considered in the analysis. The results indicate that higher urban green ratio, sewer length, financial independence rate, and local government’s budget are relating to lower disaster damage. Based on a precipitation level of RCP 8.5 scenario in 2050, an increase in economic damage is expected to range from 262 to 1086%. However, with an increase in urban green ratio by 10%, increased economic damage is only expected to range from 217 to 1013%. The results suggest that green spaces play important role to mitigate precipitation related disasters. Highly concentrated urban areas need to consider various types of urban green infrastructure to prepare for an increase in precipitation due to climate change.
So Yoon Kim; Brian H. S. Kim. The Effect of Urban Green Infrastructure on Disaster Mitigation in Korea. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1026 .
AMA StyleSo Yoon Kim, Brian H. S. Kim. The Effect of Urban Green Infrastructure on Disaster Mitigation in Korea. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (6):1026.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSo Yoon Kim; Brian H. S. Kim. 2017. "The Effect of Urban Green Infrastructure on Disaster Mitigation in Korea." Sustainability 9, no. 6: 1026.
The paper examines whether banking regulations and monetary policy contributed to controlling the fragility of household debt in Korea. The results show that housing loan regulations such as debt to income regulation contributed to a lower household debt delinquency ratio. Lowering the target interest rate provided additional stabilisation of the delinquency ratio. It is recommended that the government adopt an appropriate mix of regulation and monetary policy to control household financial fragility. The financial supervisory services need to be involved in managing debt to income regulation and minimising financial instability and financial market distortions. Further, the monetary authority has to adopt a more effective position in controlling the real lending interest rate and the delinquency ratio of household loans. Such a policy mix will improve effectiveness in controlling financial fragility, especially at a time of financial crisis.
Dong Jin Shin; Brian H.S. Kim. Impacts of household loan regulation on financial stability: evidence from Korea. Asian-Pacific Economic Literature 2017, 31, 53 -65.
AMA StyleDong Jin Shin, Brian H.S. Kim. Impacts of household loan regulation on financial stability: evidence from Korea. Asian-Pacific Economic Literature. 2017; 31 (1):53-65.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong Jin Shin; Brian H.S. Kim. 2017. "Impacts of household loan regulation on financial stability: evidence from Korea." Asian-Pacific Economic Literature 31, no. 1: 53-65.
This study evaluates transportation energy efficiency with respect to various forms of urban structures. Empirical models are developed by using the population and employment of the cities in Korea. Spatial structure is measured by the degree of concentration and the clustering index and uses relative and weighted indices. A two-stage least squares model is developed because spatial structure primarily affects changes in travel distance, which consequently affect traffic volume and transportation energy consumption. Empirical results vary with city size. Small cities with deconcentrated and clustered areas are transportation energy efficient and effective in promoting clustering within a specific region and enhancing accessibility for employment and service. On the other hand, promoting concentration and declustering patterns are a more effective strategy to decentralize population, mitigate agglomeration diseconomies, and ultimately reduce transportation energy consumption in large cities. Therefore, population and employment level within a spatial distribution should be understood to adopt an optimal spatial strategy for influencing travel behavior and energy consumption.
Kichan Nam; Brian H. S. Kim; Up Lim. Effects of Urban Spatial Structure on Travel Behavior and Transportation Energy Efficiency in Korea. New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives 2016, 171 -189.
AMA StyleKichan Nam, Brian H. S. Kim, Up Lim. Effects of Urban Spatial Structure on Travel Behavior and Transportation Energy Efficiency in Korea. New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives. 2016; ():171-189.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKichan Nam; Brian H. S. Kim; Up Lim. 2016. "Effects of Urban Spatial Structure on Travel Behavior and Transportation Energy Efficiency in Korea." New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives , no. : 171-189.
The objective this study is to explain the effect of dynamic externalities and spatial structure on urban growth through small-scale unit analysis. Empirical models measure the degree of specialisation, diversity, and competition and the effect in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). Positive and negative agglomeration effects occur simultaneously in sub-centers depending on the industrial type. Decentralisation occurs because of the manufacturing industry, whereas the service industry remains influential at the urban center. Dynamic externalities at sub-center in SMA show similar patterns in most industries. Lower growth in highly specialised industries and high growth in more diversified industries.
Kichan Nam; Brian H. S. Kim. The Effect of Spatial Structure and Dynamic Externalities on Local Growth in Seoul Metropolitan Area. Urban Policy and Research 2016, 35, 165 -179.
AMA StyleKichan Nam, Brian H. S. Kim. The Effect of Spatial Structure and Dynamic Externalities on Local Growth in Seoul Metropolitan Area. Urban Policy and Research. 2016; 35 (2):165-179.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKichan Nam; Brian H. S. Kim. 2016. "The Effect of Spatial Structure and Dynamic Externalities on Local Growth in Seoul Metropolitan Area." Urban Policy and Research 35, no. 2: 165-179.
Marssonina blotch in apples and pear scab are diseases that may affect apple and pear production as well as related industries significantly. The range and scale of the economic influence of such outbreaks should be clarified to ensure the sustainable growth of these industries. This study evaluates the direct and indirect economic effects of outbreaks through a partial equilibrium approach and an input–output model; direct influences are measured on the basis of reduced production, and the estimated costs are 34,926 million Korean Won (mKRW) (US$ 29.79 million) and 11,767 mKRW (US$ 10.04 million) for apples and pears, respectively. The indirect effects are determined according to changes in the quantity of apples and pears supplied to the market; these effects can induce social welfare losses. These costs are estimated to be 305,065 mKRW (US$ 259.08 million) for apples infected with Marssonina blotch, which accounts for 186,628 mKRW (US$ 158.50 million) in producer surplus and 118,437 mKRW (US$ 100.58 million) in consumer surplus and 72,693 mKRW (US$ 61.74 million) for pears infected with scab, which accounts for 44,106 mKRW (US$ 37.46 million) in producer surplus and 28,587 mKRW (US$ 24.28 million) in consumer surplus. The findings from this study can be referenced by the Korean government in designing more effective control measures toward sustainable growth of related industry.
Daeyoung Kwon; Soyoon Kim; Yongjoon Kim; Minsu Son; Kwansoo Kim; Donghwan An; Brian H. S. Kim. An Empirical Assessment of the Economic Damage Caused by Apple Marssonina Blotch and Pear Scab Outbreaks in Korea. Sustainability 2015, 7, 16588 -16598.
AMA StyleDaeyoung Kwon, Soyoon Kim, Yongjoon Kim, Minsu Son, Kwansoo Kim, Donghwan An, Brian H. S. Kim. An Empirical Assessment of the Economic Damage Caused by Apple Marssonina Blotch and Pear Scab Outbreaks in Korea. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (12):16588-16598.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaeyoung Kwon; Soyoon Kim; Yongjoon Kim; Minsu Son; Kwansoo Kim; Donghwan An; Brian H. S. Kim. 2015. "An Empirical Assessment of the Economic Damage Caused by Apple Marssonina Blotch and Pear Scab Outbreaks in Korea." Sustainability 7, no. 12: 16588-16598.
Brian H. S. Kim; Euijune Kim. Human capital and spatial development in Northeastern Asian regions. The Annals of Regional Science 2015, 55, 265 -268.
AMA StyleBrian H. S. Kim, Euijune Kim. Human capital and spatial development in Northeastern Asian regions. The Annals of Regional Science. 2015; 55 (2-3):265-268.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrian H. S. Kim; Euijune Kim. 2015. "Human capital and spatial development in Northeastern Asian regions." The Annals of Regional Science 55, no. 2-3: 265-268.
The Korean government consolidated several banks following the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997–1998 to stabilize the financial market and to improve international competitiveness. This process has brought sound capital reserves, assets and profitability to the banking industry. However, due to the resulting increase in market concentration, this process has also produced concerns about the monopolistic and oligopolistic power of the banks. Recently, the growing concern within the government is the weakening of bank competition due to the sharp increase in market concentration. This study reviews and examines the status of bank consolidation and the competitive structure of the banking industry. The degree of competitiveness in the banking industry is analyzed using the Panzar and Rosse model with a non-structural approach and data from 1992 to 2007 (before the beginning of the 2008–2009 Global Financial Crisis). This time span is divided into a pre- and a post-bank consolidation period. The estimation results indicate that monopolistic competition in the market exists but that the competitiveness of the banks has improved with the increased market concentration. This finding contradicts previous beliefs regarding the increased risk and lower competition derived from a concentrated financial system.
Dong Jin Shin; Brian H.S. Kim. Bank consolidation and competitiveness: Empirical evidence from the Korean banking industry. Journal of Asian Economics 2012, 24, 41 -50.
AMA StyleDong Jin Shin, Brian H.S. Kim. Bank consolidation and competitiveness: Empirical evidence from the Korean banking industry. Journal of Asian Economics. 2012; 24 ():41-50.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong Jin Shin; Brian H.S. Kim. 2012. "Bank consolidation and competitiveness: Empirical evidence from the Korean banking industry." Journal of Asian Economics 24, no. : 41-50.
This paper analyzes whether the efficiency of the Korean banking industry has improved since the bank restructuring in 1997, and whether a bank with high efficiency has a larger market share. This paper uses an efficient structure hypothesis model to examine the relationship between the banks' efficiencies and their profitability. The data envelopment analysis method is applied to measure the efficiency and profitability of the banking industry in order to minimize possible bias due to the inflow of public funds for the bank consolidation. The two‐step Heckman selection method is used to correct for survivorship bias in the model. The derived result indicates that banks with higher efficiencies tend to record higher profit. Moreover, higher pure technological efficiency and scale efficiency have a positive effect on a bank's market share and concentration.
Dong Jin Shin; Brian H. S. Kim. Efficiency of the Banking Industry Structure in Korea*. Asian Economic Journal 2011, 25, 355 -373.
AMA StyleDong Jin Shin, Brian H. S. Kim. Efficiency of the Banking Industry Structure in Korea*. Asian Economic Journal. 2011; 25 (4):355-373.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong Jin Shin; Brian H. S. Kim. 2011. "Efficiency of the Banking Industry Structure in Korea*." Asian Economic Journal 25, no. 4: 355-373.
This paper measures and identifies the effects of urban form on travel behavior in Korea. The characteristics of urban form include urban size, density, distribution and clustering. Using cluster analysis, urban form in Korea is categorized into two groups: group 1 (i.e., large-sized, high-density, equally distributed and highly clustered areas) and group 2 (i.e., small-sized, low-density, unequally distributed and highly dispersed areas). The results showed that the large-sized, high-density, unequally distributed and dispersed pattern is a relevant strategy for both groups to minimize vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) per capita. For group 1, increasing the average travel distance may be an efficient strategy to reduce the number of automobile trips. For group 2, however, decreasing the average travel distance may be a more efficient strategy. Previous recommendations for a so-called compact urban form require more validation before adoption in Korea. Different strategies are required for areas that show different characteristics in order to reduce VKT. It is important that planners and policy decision makers understand the relevant implications of urban form on travel behavior and energy use in order to implement spatial urban developments aimed at sustainability.
Kichan Nam; Up Lim; Brian H. S. Kim. ‘Compact’ or ‘Sprawl’ for sustainable urban form? Measuring the effect on travel behavior in Korea. The Annals of Regional Science 2011, 49, 157 -173.
AMA StyleKichan Nam, Up Lim, Brian H. S. Kim. ‘Compact’ or ‘Sprawl’ for sustainable urban form? Measuring the effect on travel behavior in Korea. The Annals of Regional Science. 2011; 49 (1):157-173.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKichan Nam; Up Lim; Brian H. S. Kim. 2011. "‘Compact’ or ‘Sprawl’ for sustainable urban form? Measuring the effect on travel behavior in Korea." The Annals of Regional Science 49, no. 1: 157-173.
There are concerns regarding uncertainty about the accuracy of applying available empirical willingness-to-pay (WTP) estimates for reducing accidental deaths to value changes in risks of pollution-related deaths. In this study, we develop a theoretical model on defining WTP, and its determinants, and derive WTP estimates for changes in pollution-related mortality risks with varying morbidity and timing attributes. A survey is designed and conducted with 100 subjects. Each subject was to complete five choice sets and provided a range of implicit values of statistical life (VSL). The choices are estimated using the logit procedure. And, using the results of estimated multinomial logit model, the VSL is estimated to about $6.2 million.
Brian H.S. Kim; Euijune Kim; Jeasun Lee; Minsu Son. Elicitation of health values from mortality risk reduction. The Social Science Journal 2009, 46, 776 -786.
AMA StyleBrian H.S. Kim, Euijune Kim, Jeasun Lee, Minsu Son. Elicitation of health values from mortality risk reduction. The Social Science Journal. 2009; 46 (4):776-786.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrian H.S. Kim; Euijune Kim; Jeasun Lee; Minsu Son. 2009. "Elicitation of health values from mortality risk reduction." The Social Science Journal 46, no. 4: 776-786.
Sang-Hun Kim; Euijune Kim; Brian H.S. Kim. The Effect of Municipal Consolidation on Urban Manufacturing Productivity. International Journal of Urban Sciences 2008, 12, 104 -115.
AMA StyleSang-Hun Kim, Euijune Kim, Brian H.S. Kim. The Effect of Municipal Consolidation on Urban Manufacturing Productivity. International Journal of Urban Sciences. 2008; 12 (2):104-115.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang-Hun Kim; Euijune Kim; Brian H.S. Kim. 2008. "The Effect of Municipal Consolidation on Urban Manufacturing Productivity." International Journal of Urban Sciences 12, no. 2: 104-115.