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Prof. Dr. Zhuming Bi
Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Fort Wayne, United States

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0 Automation
0 Machine Design
0 Mechatronics
0 Robotics
0 Solid Mechanics

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Automation
Design & manufacturing
Robotics
Reconfigurable manufacturing
Solid Mechanics

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Article
Published: 02 August 2021 in Information Systems Frontiers
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Industry 4.0 aims to automate traditional manufacturing and industrial practices with the aids of recently developed information technologies such as cyber-physical systems, Internet of things, big data analytics, and cloud computing. Implementation of industry 4.0 in manufacturing leads to the digitization of all manufacturing businesses including computer aided design and manufacturing, enterprise resource planning, and supply chain management (SCM). This paper focuses on the challenges and solutions in digitizing supply chains in dynamic, distributed, and decentralized business environments. The complexity and dynamics of supply chains in industry 4.0 are discussed, the performance of a supply chain is evaluated from the perspectives of costs and quality of services, and supply chain management is formulated as an optimization problem for higher requirements of quality of services, efficiency, and timeliness. The challenges of developing digitization solutions to data acquisition, data fusion, and data-driven decision-making supports are discussed in detail. The potential solutions to these challenges are proposed and the impacts on supply chain management are assessed using the data from in a list of automotive manufacturers in China. It has been found the proposed solutions will make positive and significant impact on the digitation of supply chains.

ACS Style

Lu Han; Hanping Hou; Z. M. Bi; Jianliang Yang; Xiaoxiao Zheng. Functional Requirements and Supply Chain Digitalization in Industry 4.0. Information Systems Frontiers 2021, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Lu Han, Hanping Hou, Z. M. Bi, Jianliang Yang, Xiaoxiao Zheng. Functional Requirements and Supply Chain Digitalization in Industry 4.0. Information Systems Frontiers. 2021; ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lu Han; Hanping Hou; Z. M. Bi; Jianliang Yang; Xiaoxiao Zheng. 2021. "Functional Requirements and Supply Chain Digitalization in Industry 4.0." Information Systems Frontiers , no. : 1-13.

Regular paper
Published: 16 July 2021 in International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology
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Electroplated grinding wheel has significant advantages, such as longer service life, higher removal rate, reduction of preparation work, reapplication of the wheel bub. Then it is an efficient, green and eco-friendly abrasive tool. In order to reveal the mechanism that the service life of the electroplated grinding wheel is increased by pre-quenched substrate, the tensile behavior and interfacial stresses of the laser-discrete-quenched substrate/nickel coating were studied through tensile experiment and simulation. The results show that random initial cracks appear in the nickel coating over the unquenched zone before the tensile experiment. There is an inter-diffusion region at the interface of steel substrate and nickel coating; in comparison with the unquenched zone, the size of the inter-diffusion region in the laser-quenched zone was decreased significantly (e.g., 1.2 μm in comparison with 2.6 μm). In tensile testing, the coating over the pre-quenched specimen remains bonded with the substrate firmly even the fracture occurs. In contrast, the damages in the forms of blistering, stripping and exfoliating occurred in the coating over the unquenched specimen. When a fracture occurs, there is a significant difference of the ultimate strains of quenched and unquenched zones; the ultimate strain of quenched zone is 0.0714, while that of the unquenched zone is 0.1667. At the bonding interface, the pre-quenched specimen ensured the overall shear stress and the maximum normal stress, which are lower than those of unquenched specimen. The initial cracks in pre-quenched specimen propagate during stretching, the effect of the absorbed strain energy reduces strain mismatch between the substrate and coating at the interface, and this improves the bonding strength at the interface of the laser-discrete-quenched specimen significantly.

ACS Style

Cong Mao; Yujie Zhong; Yongle Hu; Yuanqiang Luo; Weidong Tang; Z. M. Bi; Zhaohong Lei; Changchun Jiang; Aimin Tang. Tensile Behaviors of Laser-Discrete-Quenched Substrate/Nickel Coating of Electroplated Grinding Wheel. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology 2021, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Cong Mao, Yujie Zhong, Yongle Hu, Yuanqiang Luo, Weidong Tang, Z. M. Bi, Zhaohong Lei, Changchun Jiang, Aimin Tang. Tensile Behaviors of Laser-Discrete-Quenched Substrate/Nickel Coating of Electroplated Grinding Wheel. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology. 2021; ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cong Mao; Yujie Zhong; Yongle Hu; Yuanqiang Luo; Weidong Tang; Z. M. Bi; Zhaohong Lei; Changchun Jiang; Aimin Tang. 2021. "Tensile Behaviors of Laser-Discrete-Quenched Substrate/Nickel Coating of Electroplated Grinding Wheel." International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology , no. : 1-13.

Research article
Published: 27 May 2021 in Enterprise Information Systems
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System framework is for adopting additive manufacturing (AM) in a mass production line where AM processes are integrated to customize protective parts for manual tools that are found to cause damages of products. The system ensures AM processes are adopted to meet the requirements of functionalities, reliability, line balancing, and the production rate like other conventional processes. The proposed system is different from other AM applications in sense that product designs and fabrications become integrated parts of a production flow. The effectiveness of the system framework is validated as the solution to fix surface mutilations in a truck assembly line.

ACS Style

Zhuming Bi; Guoping Wang; Joel Thompson; David Ruiz; John Rosswurm; Spencer Roof; Christian Guandique. System framework of adopting additive manufacturing in mass production line. Enterprise Information Systems 2021, 1 -24.

AMA Style

Zhuming Bi, Guoping Wang, Joel Thompson, David Ruiz, John Rosswurm, Spencer Roof, Christian Guandique. System framework of adopting additive manufacturing in mass production line. Enterprise Information Systems. 2021; ():1-24.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhuming Bi; Guoping Wang; Joel Thompson; David Ruiz; John Rosswurm; Spencer Roof; Christian Guandique. 2021. "System framework of adopting additive manufacturing in mass production line." Enterprise Information Systems , no. : 1-24.

Chapter
Published: 25 May 2021 in Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing
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The importance of manufacturing to the human civilization is discussed; main drivers to advance manufacturing technologies are discussed and classified. The technological evolution over the human history is examined to gain a good understanding of the needs, limitations, opportunities, and challenges of modern manufacturing technologies. Critical emerging technologies including Internet of things (IoT), Big Data Analytics (BDA), Cloud Computing (CC), Blockchain Technology (BCT), and Rapid Technologies (RP) are briefly introduced. The roles of computer-aided technologies in digital manufacturing are discussed. It is found that engineers should master digital skills to perform engineering practices in modern manufacturing. The organization of the book is presented as the conclusion of this chapter.

ACS Style

Zhuming Bi. Human Civilization, Products, and Manufacturing. Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing 2021, 1 -33.

AMA Style

Zhuming Bi. Human Civilization, Products, and Manufacturing. Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing. 2021; ():1-33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhuming Bi. 2021. "Human Civilization, Products, and Manufacturing." Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing , no. : 1-33.

Chapter
Published: 25 May 2021 in Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing
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In computer-aided design (CAD), engineers use computers to design, analyze, model, simulate, and evaluate a product, process, or system. In this chapter, the application of CAD in the creations of virtual models of products or systems is focused on. CAD was originally developed to represent geometric information of objects by using computer-drawing software. With the continuous evolution in several decades, the capabilities of CAD tools have been expanded significantly beyond computer graphics. In this chapter, various CAD techniques are introduced to model products, processes, and systems at different levels and aspects, parametric modeling, and knowledge-based engineering (KBE) are specially introduced, and basic solid modeling techniques are discussed to model geometrics, features, design intents, and assembling relations; finally, kinematic and motion analyses are explored to machine designs.

ACS Style

Zhuming Bi. Computer-Aided Design. Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing 2021, 35 -116.

AMA Style

Zhuming Bi. Computer-Aided Design. Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing. 2021; ():35-116.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhuming Bi. 2021. "Computer-Aided Design." Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing , no. : 35-116.

Chapter
Published: 25 May 2021 in Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing
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A manufacturing system is an organization to make products; a manufacturing system consists of various functional units for designing, manufacturing, assembling, transporting, and marketing and sales. This chapter discusses the design and operation of manufacturing systems; it covers some enabling technologies including cellular manufacturing, discrete event dynamic simulation, lifecycle assessment, and cost analysis; and it also discusses how enabling technologies can be integrated for effective coordination and interaction of hardware and software systems from different vendors. Moreover, the evaluation of manufacturing systems, products, and processes is discussed from the perspective of sustainability.

ACS Style

Zhuming Bi. Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM). Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing 2021, 321 -388.

AMA Style

Zhuming Bi. Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM). Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing. 2021; ():321-388.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhuming Bi. 2021. "Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)." Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing , no. : 321-388.

Chapter
Published: 25 May 2021 in Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing
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This chapter discusses the applications of digital technologies in manufacturing systems: (1) the main functional requirements are discussed to construct enterprise system architecture; (2) a new system architecture is proposed for the applications of digital manufacturing; (3) two examples of digital technologies, i.e., reverse engineering (RE) and direct manufacturing (DM) are discussed in details; and (4) some case studies are briefed to show the diversified applied researches in using digital technologies in manufacturing.

ACS Style

Zhuming Bi. Digital Manufacturing (DM). Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing 2021, 389 -424.

AMA Style

Zhuming Bi. Digital Manufacturing (DM). Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing. 2021; ():389-424.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhuming Bi. 2021. "Digital Manufacturing (DM)." Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing , no. : 389-424.

Chapter
Published: 25 May 2021 in Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing
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Product design involves in modelling, simulation, and evaluation of the behaviors of the product at the different stages of its product lifecycle (PLC). Computer aided engineering (CAE) uses computers to model and analyze the responses of product that is subjected to external loads and constraints. CAE has become essential to eliminate hidden mistakes and omissions in virtual design before the physical product is made. In this chapter, the importance of CAE in manufacturing is discussed, different CAE tools are introduced, and the focus is put on finite element analysis (FEA). The theoretical fundamental of FEA is introduced, the general procedure of FEA modelling and simulation is presented, and FEA is used to analyze six common types of engineering problems. The SolidWorks Simulation is used to illustrate how CAE is applied in analyzing and solving various engineering problems.

ACS Style

Zhuming Bi. Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE). Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing 2021, 117 -222.

AMA Style

Zhuming Bi. Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE). Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing. 2021; ():117-222.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhuming Bi. 2021. "Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)." Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing , no. : 117-222.

Chapter
Published: 25 May 2021 in Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing
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In a manufacturing system, manufacturing processes are the operations through which raw materials are transformed into final products. Manufacturing processes use machines, tools, and labors to implement the transformation of materials. Design of manufacturing processes is generally complex since it involves in machines, tools, materials, and numerous operating parameters. A manufacturing process is evaluated comprehensively based on a number of conflict criteria such as cost, accuracy, productivity, flexibility, and adaptability. Traditional intuitive or experimental designs of manufacturing processes have their limitations in (1) exploring a wide scope of alternative processes and (2) ensuring the first-time-right for virtual design to physical implementation. In this chapter, computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is introduced to model and evaluate manufacturing processes in the virtual environment, the theory and enabling techniques of CAM are discussed, and the applications of CAM are explored in designs of materials, geometric dimensioning and tolerance (GD&T), designs and simulation of fixtures, molds and dies, machining processes, and machining programming.

ACS Style

Zhuming Bi. Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM). Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing 2021, 223 -320.

AMA Style

Zhuming Bi. Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM). Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing. 2021; ():223-320.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhuming Bi. 2021. "Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)." Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing , no. : 223-320.

Journal article
Published: 23 April 2021 in IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
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Industrial data are in general corrupted by noises and outliers. In this context, robustness to the contaminated data is a challenging issue in process monitoring. In this article, a novel method named low-rank joint embedding is proposed for robust process monitoring. By learning a low-rank coefficient matrix, low-rank joint embedding can capture the global structure of the original data and alleviate the negative effect of outliers, making the monitoring results more reliable. Moreover, a manifold regularization is introduced to preserve the local geometric structure of data, which enables the extracted low-dimensional representation of data to be more faithful and informative to enhance the monitoring capability. Based on projection learning, the low-rank joint embedding can learn an explicit projection that transforms the data not involved in the training data into the low-dimensional space, avoiding the out-of-sample problem. Furthermore, a reconstruction-based contribution plots based on the low-rank joint embedding is developed to identify the potential faulty variables. Case studies on the Tennessee Eastman process and a real industrial application demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed monitoring approach.

ACS Style

YuanJian Fu; Chaomin Luo; Zhuming Bi. Low-Rank Joint Embedding and Its Application for Robust Process Monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 2021, 70, 1 -13.

AMA Style

YuanJian Fu, Chaomin Luo, Zhuming Bi. Low-Rank Joint Embedding and Its Application for Robust Process Monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 2021; 70 ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

YuanJian Fu; Chaomin Luo; Zhuming Bi. 2021. "Low-Rank Joint Embedding and Its Application for Robust Process Monitoring." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 70, no. : 1-13.

Review
Published: 18 April 2021 in Actuators
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Actuators are essential components for motion in machines, and warranty service lives are basic specifications of actuators. However, fatigue damage or wear of actuators are very complex and related to many design factors, such as materials properties, surface conditions, loads, and operating temperature. Actuator manufacturers still rely heavily on physical experiments to determine the fatigue lives of actuators. This paper investigates the state-of-the-art of using numerical simulations for fatigue analysis of mechanical actuators. Failure criteria of machine elements are discussed extensively; existing works on using finite element methods for machine element designs are examined to (1) explore the feasibility of using a numerical simulation for fatigue analysis and (2) discuss the technical challenges in practice. Moreover, a systematic procedure is suggested to predict fatigue lives of mechanical actuators with Teflon impregnated hard coatings. A virtual fatigue analysis allows for optimizing a mechanical structure, reducing design verification costs, and shortening the development time of actuators.

ACS Style

Zhuming Bi; Bongsu Kang; Puren Ouyang. Fatigue Analysis of Actuators with Teflon Impregnated Coating—Challenges in Numerical Simulation. Actuators 2021, 10, 82 .

AMA Style

Zhuming Bi, Bongsu Kang, Puren Ouyang. Fatigue Analysis of Actuators with Teflon Impregnated Coating—Challenges in Numerical Simulation. Actuators. 2021; 10 (4):82.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhuming Bi; Bongsu Kang; Puren Ouyang. 2021. "Fatigue Analysis of Actuators with Teflon Impregnated Coating—Challenges in Numerical Simulation." Actuators 10, no. 4: 82.

Book
Published: 01 January 2021 in Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing
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This book covers the subject of digital manufacturing. It provides a practical guide for readers on using computer aided design (CAD), computer aided engineering (CAE) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and other computer assistive tools for the design of products, machines, processes and system integrations through the case studies of engineering projects.The book introduces a thorough theoretical foundation and discussion of the historical development, and enabling technologies of digital manufacturing. It also covers a broad range of computer aided tools for a variety of applications including:geometric modelling;assembly modelling;motion simulation;finite element analysis;manufacturing process simulation;machining programming;product data management; and,product lifecycle management.Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing uses many real-world case studies to illustrate the discussed applications, making it easily readable for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as engineers with the needs of computer-aided design and manufacturing knowledge and skills.

ACS Style

Zhuming Bi. Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing. Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Zhuming Bi. Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing. Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhuming Bi. 2021. "Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing." Practical Guide to Digital Manufacturing , no. : 1.

Review article
Published: 18 November 2020 in Friction
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Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) is a type of fluid-film lubrication where hydrodynamic behaviors at contact surfaces are affected by both elastic deformation of surfaces and lubricant viscosity. Modelling of contact interfaces under EHL is challenging due to high nonlinearity, complexity, and the multi-disciplinary nature. This paper aims to understand the state of the art of computational modelling of EHL by (1) examining the literature on modeling of contact surfaces under boundary and mixed lubricated conditions, (2) emphasizing the methods on the friction prediction occurring to contact surfaces, and (3) exploring the feasibility of using commercially available software tools (especially, Simulia/Abaqus) to predict the friction and wear at contact surfaces of objects with relative reciprocating motions.

ACS Style

Zhuming Bi; Donald W. Mueller; Chris W. J. Zhang. State of the art of friction modelling at interfaces subjected to elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL). Friction 2020, 9, 207 -227.

AMA Style

Zhuming Bi, Donald W. Mueller, Chris W. J. Zhang. State of the art of friction modelling at interfaces subjected to elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL). Friction. 2020; 9 (2):207-227.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhuming Bi; Donald W. Mueller; Chris W. J. Zhang. 2020. "State of the art of friction modelling at interfaces subjected to elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL)." Friction 9, no. 2: 207-227.

Conference paper
Published: 10 September 2020 in 2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings
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Neural network system, a portion of artificial intelligence, is increasingly becoming prevalent nowadays. The application of neural networks models to function approximation is one of the latest developments in electrical engineering including robotics route planning. It is, however, a challenging task to instruct on this topic in artificial intelligence courses. In general, a function approximation issue aims to select a function among a well-defined class that closely matches a target function in a task-specific manner, which has a large number of applications in engineering such as the robotics route planning. In this paper, we present how we follow the pedagogies of sparrow-dissection and scaffolding and help students design, implement, debug, and operate an efficient neural networks model method for function approximation. A back propagation neural networks model is taught in the classroom with the source code provided to students. The students are required to revise and modify the source code therefore apply the back propagation neural networks model for the function approximation. Specifically, in our Artificial Intelligence Techniques course for senior and graduate students, we provide a back propagation neural networks model with its source code as a ‘sparrow’ for students to dissect and examine how the neural networks model for function approximation works. We then work together with students in revision and modification of the source code for purpose of function approximation. With the gradual withdrawal of the instructor in a series of projects assigned to students on the application of back propagation neural networks model to function approximation in robot path planning, students gain more independence and can complete the projects fully by themselves in the end. A set of projects are assigned to students to perform the neural networks model for the function approximation. An assessment approach is given to determine how comfortable students are with neural network concepts before and after the project. In addition, feedback was solicited after each neural network models to get feedback from students about implementation, development and application of the models into function approximation. The effectiveness of the neural network model for function approximation is evaluated through various milestone assignments, lab reports, presentations, and other activities. In addition, we survey students for their feedback on how comfortable they are with neural network concepts before and after each project, as well as feedback on the process of development and application of each neural networks model by revising the first source code of neural network model. Teaching and learning strategies by the neural network model methodology were associated with learning outcomes of this course by analysis of the function approximation project. All these data, together with from those from the official course evaluation system, point to the effectiveness of the neural network model approach and high learning quality as a result of our sparrow-dissection and scaffolding pedagogies.

ACS Style

Chaomin Luo; Zhuming Bi; Wenbing Zhao. Function Approximation through an Efficient Neural Networks Method. 2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Chaomin Luo, Zhuming Bi, Wenbing Zhao. Function Approximation through an Efficient Neural Networks Method. 2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chaomin Luo; Zhuming Bi; Wenbing Zhao. 2020. "Function Approximation through an Efficient Neural Networks Method." 2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings , no. : 1.

Review article
Published: 26 June 2020 in Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
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Collaborative robots (cobots) are robots that are designed to collaborate with humans in an open workspace. In contrast to industrial robots in an enclosed environment, cobots need additional mechanisms to assure humans’ safety in collaborations. It is especially true when a cobot is used in manufacturing environment; since the workload or moving mass is usually large enough to hurt human when a contact occurs. In this article, we are interested in understanding the existing studies on cobots, and especially, the safety requirements, and the methods and challenges of safety assurance. The state of the art of safety assurance of cobots is discussed at the aspects of key functional requirements (FRs), collaboration variants, standardizations, and safety mechanisms. The identified technological bottlenecks are (1) acquiring, processing, and fusing diversified data for risk classification, (2) effectively updating the control to avoid any interference in a real-time mode, (3) developing new technologies for the improvement of HMI performances, especially, workloads and speeds, and (4) reducing the overall cost of safety assurance features. To promote cobots in manufacturing applications, the future researches are expected for (1) the systematic theory and methods to design and build cobots with the integration of ergonomic structures, sensing, real-time controls, and human-robot interfaces, (2) intuitive programming, task-driven programming, and skill-based programming which incorporate the risk management and the evaluations of biomechanical load and stopping distance, and (3) advanced instrumentations and algorithms for effective sensing, processing, and fusing of diversified data, and machine learning for high-level complexity and uncertainty. The needs of the safety assurance of integrated robotic systems are specially discussed with two development examples.

ACS Style

Z.M. Bi; Mingchao Luo; Zhonghua Miao; Bing Zhang; W.J. Zhang; Lihui Wang. Safety assurance mechanisms of collaborative robotic systems in manufacturing. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 2020, 67, 102022 .

AMA Style

Z.M. Bi, Mingchao Luo, Zhonghua Miao, Bing Zhang, W.J. Zhang, Lihui Wang. Safety assurance mechanisms of collaborative robotic systems in manufacturing. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. 2020; 67 ():102022.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Z.M. Bi; Mingchao Luo; Zhonghua Miao; Bing Zhang; W.J. Zhang; Lihui Wang. 2020. "Safety assurance mechanisms of collaborative robotic systems in manufacturing." Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 67, no. : 102022.

Journal article
Published: 12 June 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems
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With the fast development of information technologies, traditional value-added chain business models are shifting to service-based applications (SBAs) to cope with ever-changing user behaviors and the modern social system. An SBA allows an organization to utilize external and distributed resources to achieve its business goals, especially when the Internet of Thing (IoT) will soon become mainstream. However, the development of SBAs is at its early stage with a number of unsolved issues, such as the availability of effective methods for services selection and composition, semantic representation of specifications, and security assurances. This article aims to address two main issues in SBAs: 1) the standardization of formulation and 2) the security assurance. A systematic method is proposed to formulate the specifications of services, the prevalent blockchain technology (BCT) is adopted to enable SBAs, and the proposed specification patterns and BCT are integrated as a BCT-based quality-of-service (QoS) framework to support service selections and workflow compositions.

ACS Style

Wattana Viriyasitavat; Li Da Xu; Zhuming Bi. Specification Patterns of Service-Based Applications Using Blockchain Technology. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems 2020, 7, 886 -896.

AMA Style

Wattana Viriyasitavat, Li Da Xu, Zhuming Bi. Specification Patterns of Service-Based Applications Using Blockchain Technology. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems. 2020; 7 (4):886-896.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wattana Viriyasitavat; Li Da Xu; Zhuming Bi. 2020. "Specification Patterns of Service-Based Applications Using Blockchain Technology." IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems 7, no. 4: 886-896.

Review article
Published: 21 November 2019 in Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
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Technology standards facilitate the transparency in market and the supplies of products with good quality. For manufacturers, standards make it possible to reduce the costs by mass production, and enhance system adaptabilities through integrating system modules with the standardized interfaces. However, International standards on industrial robots such as ISO-9283 were developed in 1998, and they have not updated since then. Due to every-increasing applications of robots in complex systems, there is an emerging need to advance existing standards on robots for a broader scope of system components and system integration. This paper gives an introduction of the endeavors by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); especially, it overviews the recent progresses on the standardized tests of robotic systems and components. The presented work aims to identify the limitations of existing industrial standards and clarify the trend of technology standardizations for industrial robotic systems.

ACS Style

Z.M. Bi; Zhonghua Miao; Bin Zhang; Chris W.J. Zhang. The state of the art of testing standards for integrated robotic systems. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 2019, 63, 101893 .

AMA Style

Z.M. Bi, Zhonghua Miao, Bin Zhang, Chris W.J. Zhang. The state of the art of testing standards for integrated robotic systems. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. 2019; 63 ():101893.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Z.M. Bi; Zhonghua Miao; Bin Zhang; Chris W.J. Zhang. 2019. "The state of the art of testing standards for integrated robotic systems." Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 63, no. : 101893.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2019 in IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems
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Internet of Things (IoT) is able to integrate the computation and physical processes as services in the social world. The number of services at the edge of IoT is rising rapidly due to the prevalent uses of smart devices and cyber-physical systems (CPSs). To explore the promising applications of IoT services, one of the challenges is to enable the interoperability of the services in a decentralized environment. The blockchain technology (BCT) has been proven as a promising solution to establish the trust of data and call for executions; theoretically, it can be used to support the interoperability of services. BCT verifies data or a process and stores it as a transaction in a distributed ledger. Similar to the topology to IoT, applying BCT at the edges of the network exhibits the distributed characteristic. However, currently, BCT is still facing the challenges for interoperability due to a number of factors such as consensus protocols, block sizes, and interval of blocks. Prominent protocols such as proof-of-work (PoW) may cause excessive delays in finality settlement. One promising protocol Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant offers a fast finality settlement and uses hyperledger to support the scalability; however, the trust might also be a concern if the validators are chosen improperly. This paper discusses the interoperability of IoT services and the challenges and proposes an architecture solution by integrating BCT, service-oriented architecture (SoA), and enablers of key performance indicators (KPIs) and service selections. The proposed architecture aims to solve both interoperability and trust issues for IoT services. The feasibility of the proposed method is validated by the examples of smart contract implementations.

ACS Style

Wattana Viriyasitavat; Li Da Xu; Zhuming Bi; Assadaporn Sapsomboon. New Blockchain-Based Architecture for Service Interoperations in Internet of Things. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems 2019, 6, 739 -748.

AMA Style

Wattana Viriyasitavat, Li Da Xu, Zhuming Bi, Assadaporn Sapsomboon. New Blockchain-Based Architecture for Service Interoperations in Internet of Things. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems. 2019; 6 (4):739-748.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wattana Viriyasitavat; Li Da Xu; Zhuming Bi; Assadaporn Sapsomboon. 2019. "New Blockchain-Based Architecture for Service Interoperations in Internet of Things." IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems 6, no. 4: 739-748.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2019 in IEEE Internet of Things Journal
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Internet of Things (IoT) refers to networks with billions of physical devices for collecting, sharing and utilizing data in the virtual world. Most of IoT applications centralize security assurance in creating, authenticating, transferring, or delating system components. However, the centralization exposes its limitations to meet security needs of a rapidly-growing number of things world-widely. How to scale up the applications with assured security becomes a critical challenge. Blockchain Technology (BCT) is a promising solution to provide security and protect privacy in a large scale; especially, smart contracts offer opportunities to improve the reliability of IoT applications. Smart contracts establish trusts for both of data and executed processes. Recently, many literature surveys and positioning articles have been published on the integration of BCT with IoT, but they are limited to superficial discussions of technical potentials, and very few of them have a thorough exploration of the challenges in developing BCT for IoT at technical levels. This paper uses the system design approach to scrutinize the state of the art of study on BCT-based applications and clarify critical research areas of enabling BCT for security assurance: (i) the relations of BCT and IoT are modelled and discussed; (ii) the needs of eliminating threats in IoTbased applications are defined as functional requirements (FRs), existing works on enabling technologies of BCT are defined as the physical solutions (PSs); (iii) the mappings between FRs and PSs are established to identify the limitations and the critical areas for the applications of BCT in large-scale distributed environment.

ACS Style

Wattana Viriyasitavat; Li Da Xu; Zhuming Bi; Danupol Hoonsopon. Blockchain Technology for Applications in Internet of Things—Mapping From System Design Perspective. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2019, 6, 8155 -8168.

AMA Style

Wattana Viriyasitavat, Li Da Xu, Zhuming Bi, Danupol Hoonsopon. Blockchain Technology for Applications in Internet of Things—Mapping From System Design Perspective. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2019; 6 (5):8155-8168.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wattana Viriyasitavat; Li Da Xu; Zhuming Bi; Danupol Hoonsopon. 2019. "Blockchain Technology for Applications in Internet of Things—Mapping From System Design Perspective." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 6, no. 5: 8155-8168.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2019 in IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems
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In addition to functionalities, business process management (BPM) involves several key indicators such as openness, security, flexibility, and scalability. Optimizing system performance is becoming a great challenge for an ever-increasing large-scale distributed application system in the digital economy on the Internet of Things (IoT) era. In a centralized BPM, many indicators, such as security and openness, or cost and flexibility, are conflicting with each other. For example, inviting new partners across enterprises, domains, and regions to form a service workflow exposes new risks and needs additional security mechanisms for scrutiny; enhancing the flexibility of business workflow compositions increases the cost of security assurance. Blockchain technology (BCT) has thrown the light on the development of vital solutions to various BPM problems. BCT has to be integrated with other BPM system components that often involve IoT devices to implement specified functionalities related to the application. Currently, the potentials of using BCT have been explored although still at an early stage. In this paper, the states of the art are presented to identify emerging research topics, challenges, and promising applications in integrating BCT into the development of BPM.

ACS Style

Wattana Viriyasitavat; Li Da Xu; Zhuming Bi; Vitara Pungpapong. Blockchain and Internet of Things for Modern Business Process in Digital Economy—the State of the Art. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems 2019, 6, 1420 -1432.

AMA Style

Wattana Viriyasitavat, Li Da Xu, Zhuming Bi, Vitara Pungpapong. Blockchain and Internet of Things for Modern Business Process in Digital Economy—the State of the Art. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems. 2019; 6 (6):1420-1432.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wattana Viriyasitavat; Li Da Xu; Zhuming Bi; Vitara Pungpapong. 2019. "Blockchain and Internet of Things for Modern Business Process in Digital Economy—the State of the Art." IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems 6, no. 6: 1420-1432.