Over the past 2 decades, e-learning has evolved as a new pedagogy within pharmacy education. As learners and teachers increasingly seek e-learning opportunities for an array of educational and individual benefits, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs. This systematic review of the literature examines the quality of e-learning effectiveness studies in pharmacy, describes effectiveness measures, and synthesizes the evidence for each measure. E-learning in pharmacy education effectively increases knowledge and is a highly acceptable instructional format for pharmacists and pharmacy students. However, there is limited evidence that e-learning effectively improves skills or professional practice. There is also no evidence that e-learning is effective at increasing knowledge long term; thus, long-term follow-up studies are required. Translational research is also needed to evaluate the benefits of e-learning at patient and organizational levels.

OBJECTIVE—To examine the effect of a 12-month pharmaceutical care (PC) program on vascular risk in type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We recruited 198 community-based patients randomized to PC or usual care. PC patients had face-to-face goal-directed medication and lifestyle counseling at baseline and at 6 and 12 months plus 6-weekly telephone assessments and provision of other educational material. Clinical, biochemical, and medication-related data were sent regularly to each patient’s physician(s). The main outcome measure was change in HbA_1c. A diabetes-specific risk engine was used to estimate changes in 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke risk in patients without a history of cardiovascular disease. RESULTS—At total of 180 patients (91%) completed the study. Mean (95% CI) reductions were greater in PC case subjects (n = 92) than control subjects (n = 88) for HbA_1c (−0.5% [95% CI −0.7 to −0.3] vs. 0 [−0.2 to 0.2]) and systolic (−14 mmHg [−19 to −9] vs. −7 [−11 to −2]) and diastolic (−5 mmHg [−8 to −3] vs. −2 [−4 to 1]) blood pressure (P ≤ 0.043). The improvement in HbA_1c persisted after adjustment for baseline value and demographic and treatment-specific variables. The median (interquartile range) 10-year estimated risk of a first CHD event decreased in the PC case subjects (25.1% [15.6–36.2] to 20.3 [14.6–30.2]; n = 42, P = 0.002) but not in the control subjects (26.1% [17.2–39.4] vs. 26.4 [16.7–38.0]; n = 52, P = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS—A 12-month PC program in type 2 diabetes reduced glycemia and blood pressure. Pharmacist involvement contributed to improvement in HbA_1c independently of pharmacotherapeutic changes. PC could prove a valuable component of community-based multidisciplinary diabetes care.