Background. Healthcare workers are at high risk of occupational exposure to needle stick injury worldwide. Occupational exposure to needle stick injury represents the most common sources of infection such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. Thus, this review aimed to determine the career time and previous one-year global pooled prevalence of occupational exposure to needle stick injury among healthcare workers. Methods. The review considered articles written in English language and published from 2012 to 2020. The articles were searched using nine electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane library, Web of Science, SCOPUS, MedNar, and ScienceDirect) using a combination of Boolean logic operators (AND, OR, and NOT), Medical Subject Headings, and keywords. Quality assessment was performed to determine the relevance of the articles using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Several steps of assessment and evaluation were taken to select and analyze the relevant articles. Results. The worldwide pooled prevalence of needle stick injuries among healthcare workers during career time and previous one year was 56.2 (95 CI: 47.1, 64.9) and 32.4 (95 CI: 22.0, 44.8), respectively. The career time pooled prevalence of needle stick injuries based on the socioeconomic development and study area was 54.8 and 55.1, respectively, and one-year pooled prevalence of needle stick injury was 26.0 and 20.9. Conclusion. The review found a high prevalence of occupational exposure to needle stick injury among healthcare workers and suggests the need to improve occupational health and safety services in the healthcare systems.

Background: Healthcare workers are at high risk of infection from blood-borne pathogens, such as Hepatitis B and C Virus, and Human Immunodeficiency. Occupational exposure to needle-stick injuries (NSIs) continue to have a major health problem in the healthcare systems of developing countries. Thus, this review article aimed to provide the evidence on the prevalence of NSI and associated factors among healthcare workers of developing countries. Methods: The studies published from 2012 to 2019 were identified through systematic searches of electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus, Med Nar, and Science Direct. The MeSH terms and/or keywords was used in conjunction with “AND” or “OR” (Boolean logic operators). All identified keywords and an index terms were checked across the included databases. Assessment and evaluation were taken to confirm the quality and relevance of the included articles, followed by extraction and analysis of data. Result: Overall, 2021 articles were identified using specified search terms from the initial searches of the literature (2012-2019). A total of 13 articles met eligibility criteria were included in the review. Among 6513 participants, 1009 and 2201 participants involved to determine 1-year and throughout career prevalence, respectively. The prevalence of NSI ranged from 19.9% to 54.0% with an overall prevalence of 35.7% and 38.5 to 100% with an overall prevalence of 64.1% in the previous 1 year and throughout career, respectively. Sex, workload, needle recapping, overuse of injection, and practice of universal precautions, training, occupation, working experience, and personal protective equipment were among the factors associated with the prevalence of NSIs in developing countries. Conclusion: The review indicated that NSIs have been identified as one of the most serious issues that affect the health and well-being of healthcare workers in the majority of healthcare systems of developing countries. There is a need to apply safety practices or other measures to reduce the risk of NSIs.

Background. The issue of microbial quality and safety of ready-to-eat foods has become a public health concern that needs to be addressed to protect the consumer’s health. Contamination of ready-to-eat foods by enteric pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is associated with potential health risks and can cause foodborne outbreaks. Thus, the systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at determining the overall evidence on the prevalence of microorganisms of public health significance in ready-to-eat foods based on previous studies. Methods. The articles published from 2015 to 2020 were searched from multiple electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Science Direct, Web of Science, and the Directory of Open Access Journals. The JBI critical appraisal tool was applied to the included articles. To determine the heterogeneity among the included articles, statistics were used while publication bias was evaluated using the visual funnel plot. A Forest plot using the random effect model for meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus in ready to eat foods. Results. The pooled prevalence of E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus in ready to eat foods was 33.8% (95% CI: 19.9, 51.2; , ), 26.0% (95% CI: 13.8, 43.6%; , ), and 46.3% (95% CI: 24.8, 69.4%, ), respectively. Conclusion. The findings show that contamination of ready-to-eat foods with pathogenic microorganisms continues to be a public health risk. Thus, effective food hygiene and safety systems are necessary to protect the health of the consumers and the public as a whole.

Our environment is facing serious problems of high volumes of waste generation and inadequate disposal system in worldwide particularly in developing countries. There is also lack of studies on quantification of abattoir waste and lack of workers awareness towards abattoir waste. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to estimate abattoir waste for bioenergy potential as sustainable management. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four selected abattoirs of Eastern Ethiopia from January 1^st, 2018 to December 30^th, 2018. The magnitude of abattoir waste composition was computed based on Aniebo mathematical computational from the actual number of slaughtered livestock. The study demonstrated that four selected abattoirs generate 1,606.403 ton of abattoir waste per year and using anaerobic digestion of about 85,139 m³/year of biogas and 111.25 ton/year of biofertilizer can be produced. The biogas or energy from the waste can replace firewood and charcoal and the expensive fossil fuels. Using Banks mathematical computation about 20,054.12 m³/year production of biogas could replace 20.56 ton/year of energy consumed by liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene, charcoal, furnace oil, petrol, and diesel in average. The current estimated biofertilizer (111.25 ton/year) from four abattoir sites can cover about 2,225 hectares/year with its advantage and efficiency of soil. When turned into cost, about $55,645 per year of price could estimate from biogas and biofertilizer. The study concluded that huge amount of biogas and dry biofertilizer yields could produce from abattoir waste through anaerobic digestion. Therefore, installing anaerobic digestion plant is recommended to ensure environmental safety and public health.

Sanitary workers are more likely to experience musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) due to a lack of ergonomics principles and poor job design. Thus, the quantification of this illness among sanitary workers was the goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis. For flow diagrams and review questions the PRISMA and PICOS protocols were used, respectively. The articles published between 2000 to 2022 were eligible. Along with the terms of (Musculoskeletal Disorders) AND (Solid waste collectors *OR Street sweepers *OR Sewage workers *OR health facilities cleaners) and MeSH is utilized. The data was analyzed using STATA 17 software with a 95% confidence interval. A total of 158 papers were qualified, with 26 studies from 17 countries and a total of 6586 sanitary workers were obtained. The global prevalence of MSDs among sanitation workers was 40.52% (95% CI: 32.47-48.67; p < 0.05). It was 43.32% (95%CI:31.98-54.68; p < 0.05) in high-income countries and 38.58% (95%CI:26.94-50.18; p < 0.05) in low-income countries. By sub-group analysis, it was 45.12% (95%CI: 32.57-57.67; p < 0.05) for solid waste collectors, which is the highest prevalence among others. The current evidence shows that sanitation workers have a higher prevalence of occupationally associated MSDs, which might be lowered by using ergonomic work design principles.

Work-related Musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are serious problems of public health at health care facilities that reduce health quality of the workers. These issues arise from poor work design, unsafe and unhygienic conditions, lack of ergonomic practices, and inadequate occupational health and safety (OHS) services, which are common in low-middle-income countries, which remain underexamined among hospital sanitation workers (SWs) in eastern Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess WMSDs and associated factors among public hospital SWs in eastern Ethiopia. Hospital based cross sectional study was conducted in eastern Ethiopia in 2023. A well-structured questionnaire prepared. The internal consistency (α value) for the prepared questions was 0.95. Simple random sampling was used to choose eight hospitals among a total of fourteen public hospitals in these areas. A single proportion formula long with design effect of 2.0 and 5% of non-response rate was calculate the sample size and obtained 791 SWs, which is approaching actual number of SWs within selected hospitals. Thus, all (809) of SWs were recruited for the study. Face-to-face interview was conducted. Epi Data version 3.1 was used for data entry and Stata version 17MP was used for the data analysis. Data quality was ensured through training of data collectors, language translation, pretesting, and adjusting for confounders. The robust Modified Poisson/MP regression was used to identify predictors of WMSDs. Bi-variate MP model was used to perform un-adjusted prevalence ratio (UPR). While, MP multi-variable was used to analysis the adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) for predictors with significant values of p ≤ 0.20. The results were deemed statistically significant at the two-tailed level with a 95% confidence interval (CI:95%) and a p-value of 0.05. Finally, seven variables those have ≤ p-value 0.05 at APR were candidate for Structural equation modeling (SEM) to estimate the correction and direction of risk factors for WMSDs. Out of a total of 809 SWs, 729 (90.11%) of them responded. The current study found self-reported WMSDs among SWs was 51.17% (95% CI: 0.48, 0.55). Multivariable MP regression model shows that SWs with acquired diseases (APR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.62, 2.12), SWs with occupational injuries (APR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.33) and those exposed with occupational hazards (APR:1.42; 95% CI: 1.18, 1.70) were more likely to report WMSDs. Similarly, those didn’t get health and safety training (APR:1.20; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.43), those had workload (APR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.76) and non-adhered to personal protective equipment [PPE] (APR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.38) were more likely to report high WMSDs. SEM found that hazards exposures (β = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.33) and workload (β = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.03,0.15) were positive correlations. While, compliance with PPE (β= -0.09; -0.16, -0.01) and provide OHS training (β= -0.23; 95% CI: -0.342, -0.03) have negative correlation with WMSDs (p-value < 0.05). The study found that more than half of SWs were suffered with WMSDs. The main attributed risk factors were poor work conditions, lack of ergonomic applications, a lack of institutional supports, and behavioral factors. Thus, the study highlights the critical policy requirement to enhance ergonomic application and health and safety improvement in order to lower WMSDs. The hospitals should provide interventions such as training on ergonomic concepts, adapt the guideline and adhere the ergonomic policies and regulations. Federal ministry of health and Federal ministry of labor and social affairs should cooperatively set standards, support and monitoring compliance, provide resources and enforce protocols in order to lower WMSDs among these vulnerable work-forces. What Is already known on this topic? The burden of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) among hospital sanitation workers (SWs) in eastern Ethiopia has been previously studied. However, this study specifically evaluates WRMSDs in public hospitals, where workers face hazardous and unhygienic conditions, heavy waste exposure, and increased workloads due to high patient volumes. Numerous studies, including this one, have shown that hospital SWs, such as cleaners and waste collectors, are vulnerable to a variety of occupational risks and incidents. In addition, the study highlights that due to their working conditions, the society treats SWs unfairly leading to a violation of their rights and a disregard for their well-being, which needs to be addressed through improved policies and support. What this study adds? This study highlights the role of poor ergonomic practices and inadequate work design in contributing to WRMSDs among sanitation workers in public hospitals. By conducting this study, the research offers robust and generalizable prevalence estimates WRMSDs among SWs in public hospitals of eastern Ethiopia. The study identified the highest prevalence of WMSDs and outlines the primary ergonomic and risk factors contributing to these disorders. Consequently, this study provides a concise overview of WRMSDs in public hospitals, together with the variables affecting these groups and the settings under which they operate. How this study might affect the research, practice and/or policy? The findings highlight the need for targeted ergonomic interventions and preventive strategies in high-risk sectors like health care including hospitals. These insights can guide policymakers and occupational health practitioners in developing tailored health programs, potentially reducing WMSDs incidence and improving workforce productivity. Implementing these measures could reduce the incidence of WMSDs, lower the economic burden associated with these disorders, and improve overall workforce well-being. Thus, the study advised that government bodies, particularly the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Social Affairs, as well as other...