The purpose of this original study is to critically analyse the emergence and development of the national models of financial regulation, international standards and codes, and regional and national financial regulation and supervision (for the cases of the UK, USA, Sweden, the EU, and Finland). The research raises both academic and regulatory concerns. The relevance and purpose of this research arise from a need for an academic analysis of the economic nature and classification of financial market regulation systems. They represent a theoretical justification for changes in the policies and supervisory practices of national and international regulatory authorities in response to innovations in financial technologies and instruments, digital products, and risks. Secondly, it will stimulate more systematic work on regulatory databases, registration, and reporting procedures in various economies in different financial markets. The author identifies five main systems of national financial regulatory markets: the multi-tiered, multi-agency US system, the twin peaks model (UK), and the mega-regulatory model (Sweden). There is a thorough review of the international standards and institutions that work for the stability of financial systems. The analysis of the regional and national systems of financial regulation and supervision is based on the examples of the EU and Finnish institutions. National macro- and micro-economic regulation and supervision have been examined, with a focus on the US Federal Reserve and the US Treasury. An important result of the study is the systematisation of the directions of the development of national and international regulatory institutions (since the 1980s). First, the minimum capital and credit risk requirements for banks (the 1980s) were complemented in the 21st century by buffer reserves, liquidity, and leverage standards. Second, regulation focuses on ensuring the sustainability of the national economy. The regulatory focus is on ensuring the sustainability of national and global financial systems. Third, there is an increase in the number of supervised institutions. Fourth, there is a division of the functions between central banks (macro-economic regulation) and one or two mega-regulators (micro-economic regulation and supervision). Fifth, there is a division of labour between the international financial institutions (BIS, IMF, and WB) and national regulators. Sixth, the focus is on protecting consumers and investors and countering money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Seventh, there is an understanding based on a common approach by central banks to new financial technologies and cybersecurity.

After the global crisis of 2008–2009, the world economy entered the era of restructuring. This article focuses on the risks that a new leader will face in the process of shaping the world economy. The methods employed in the research include big data processing of continuous change and the results of the symmetric macroeconomic analysis based on the statistics collected by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), The Word Bank (WB), Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Central banks and Treasuries. The study results proved that the recessionary processes, their depth and global nature, are caused by a combination of world financial system crises and general civilization problems. These new systemic risks for the world economy might result in new global crises that will limit the resources of international financial institutions for sustainable development. Besides, for most banks these crises will mean shifting a big share of derivatives to the off-balance liabilities, using Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) in deals, followed by an increase in state and corporate debts, trade wars, a slowdown of economic development in China, and widening contradictions between global and national finances. Regular research and systematization have developed certain guidelines for the global economic restructuring process. First of all, it is recommended on the base of interstate compromises to focus on international agreements to ensure a solid foundation for global finance. On the basis of the comparative analysis carried out for the USA, China and other counties, it was made clear that no one leader in world economy in 21st century views the world reserve as based on the currency of one country only. Instead, there will be a slow transition to using Special Drawing Rights (SDR) with a basket from 15–20 currencies G20.

The purpose of the paper is to justify the use of the intersectoral balance model for forecasting the demand for rail transportation in the face of significant changes in commodity markets. The theoretical basis of the study is the algebraic theory of the analysis of the input-output model. The methodology is based on the balance method. The modeling procedure comes down to solving a system of linear equations in which the coefficients are cost coefficients for production. The modeling information base includes scenario conditions for forecasting the socio-economic development of 40 industries and activities for which rail transportation is of decisive importance, and whose share in the structure of the GDP of Russia for the period until 2036 will change slightly. The main results of the study are: the implemented process of modeling demand for rail transportation, including a basic simulation of the intersectoral balance of the Russian economy for 2016, a predicted simulation model of demand for the period until 2030. An assessment was made of a long-term change in demand for rail transport services, taking into account structural changes affecting the activities of the main sectors of the national economy, which products are changing interspecific competition, the emergence of new product markets and digital technologies.

Since the beginning of the 80s.of twentieth century, a global financial and economic environment system wasformed, and one sign of which were the crises of the global finance. Anti-crisis measures of the monetaryauthorities are a combination of Keynesian and monetarist prescriptions. The first are nationalization, purchaseby state (or regional financial institutions - RFI) distressed assets, the maintenance of employment and demand,social programs, state spending on High-tech. The second are tax breaks, reducing rates of discount and rates ofinterest, avoiding inflation by controlling the money supply.

Research Background: Tax policy and reforms are the means to overcome the COVID-19 crisis, contributing to economic growth. The study is based on an analysis of tax regimes before the pandemic. Purpose of the article: Purpose of the article is to develop instruments of tax regulation in anti-crisis tax policy. Methods: The analysis employs macroeconomic indicators from the IMF, and WB databases. The comparative analysis of countries in terms of Total Tax and Contribution Rate (TTCR), Labour Tax TTCR, other taxes TTCR has been conducted on the basis of WB/PWC tax ranking methodology. The paper presents a classification of tax systems according to six rankings, and suggests tax policy modifications. Findings & Value added: The main directions of tax policy reform are: 1) The tax system should maintain its progressive character while increasing social equity, a new quality of economic growth and life. 2) Income taxation is less conducive to economic growth than consumption taxation. The study suggests differentiation in tax policies for developed and developing countries. 3) The choice between a flat and a progressive personal income tax scale should be made on the bases of the thorough analysis of the tax systems of countries leading in the quality of life. Their regimes can serve as a benchmark. 4) The taxation of interest, dividends and capital gains under dual treatment is a promising tax policy direction. 5) Reforming the CIT on the basis of differentiated rental income would allow for part of the income to costs and part to profits.

В статье представлены преимущества использования технологий информационного моделирования и определены теоретические концепции и методологические особенности внедрения технологий информационного моделирования в строительной отрасли. Исследование носит многоуровневый характер, анализ научных изданий и экономической литературы, посвященный проблемам внедрения технологий информационного моделирования в строительной отрасли, показал, что существует необходимость в систематизации процессов поэтапного разработанного алгоритма внедрения технологий информационного моделирования в строительную отрасль учитывая их особенности и отличия, но и, соответственно, создание нового методического инструментария реализации этих процессов. Учитывая это, разработка компонентов информационной технологии в группе процессов инициализации проектов и программ является актуальной научно-прикладной задачей. Для решения этого вопроса предложена стратегии внедрения технологий информационного моделирования, которая будет соответствовать определенному этапу развития технологий информационного моделирования. Рассмотрен и предложен алгоритм действий использования технологий информационного моделирования в зависимости от этапа внедрения и развития технологий в строительную отрасль. Обоснованное и успешное внедрение технологий информационного моделирования в сфере строительства обуславливает преимущества относительно потенциала для динамичного, сбалансированного развития хозяйствующих субъектов, за счет повышения производительности труда, снижения затрат на ресурсы и материалы, а также соответствующего качества и безопасности строительства.