Examining cycle theories calls our attention to the fact that tourism will be described by descending and ascending curves within certain periods in the future. According to cycle theories, the downturn in the tourism industry will continue from four to five years. According to the study conducted by the authors, domestic tourism will become more intensive, trips will have spatial limitations, the length of stay will increase, and cars will be the most popular means of transport. As part of the research, the authors surveyed 230 respondents concerning tourism activities. An in-depth interview was carried out with Zoltan Somogyi, a former Deputy Secretary General of the UNWTO, about the possibilities of solving the effects of COVID-19. To address COVID-19 challenges, the Hungarian government is required to make quick decisions. Demand needs to be diversified, and new sustainable tourism products need to be introduced. Visits to Hungary should be extended in space and time, and an interest in domestic tourists in the state should be increased by implementing strong marketing. More serious regulations should be adopted with the participation of local entrepreneurs; more consideration should be given to contactless technologies. In the post-COVID-19 period, the overtourism in Hungary should be replaced by sustainable and creative tourism.

The twentieth century saw rapid environmental degradation due to changes that contributed to increased net GHG emissions, loss of natural ecosystems, and declining biodiversity. Deterioration of unprotected landscapes during swift industrialization, urbanization, increasing monocultures in agriculture, expansion of commercial production significantly contributed to these negative consequences. However, a cultural shift occurred during the last two decades in favour of landscape conservation. In response to widespread landscape degradation and loss of ecosystem services, the Council of Europe saw the need to protect, manage, and develop the landscapes, and thus signed the European Landscape Convention (ELC) in 2000. This was the world's first international agreement that described all aspects of landscape management in detail. The European Landscape Convention fully meets the challenges through its goal of correcting a lack of understanding of landscapes as a unique system embracing natural, economic, and social features throughout Europe. It goes beyond simply protecting landscapes and addresses landscape management and development, as well as raising public and government awareness of the importance of paying attention to all types of landscapes, whether exceptional or spoiled. Landscape observatories, multifunctional platforms and knowledge centres for researchers, technicians, administrators, and citizens, are one of the Council of Europe's instruments for implementing the European Landscape Convention (ELC). They can be established on a variety of scales and can serve as a vital link between administrations, civil society, researchers, and the economic sector. This article discusses the emergence of landscape observatories and the role they can play as decision support instruments in promoting sustainable landscape development through a regenerative approach. Additionally, the paper discusses the implementation of ELC in Västra Götaland in Sweden through the establishment of Landscape Observatory Västra Götaland, and its impacts and challenges associated with landscape development. Furthermore, we propose a comprehensive and holistic, to any landscape type adaptable landscape observatory concept, based on multifunctionality of these institutions, emphasizing their decision support roles, social and economic importance.

Green logistics has its origin in the mid-1980s and characterizes logistics systems and approaches that use advanced technology and equipment to minimize environmental damage during operations. The relationship between green logistics and tourism is a less researched topic. In our opinion, Hungary lags in green procurement in the tourism industry. The development plans of the Hungarian Tourism Agency include that by 2030 country will receive 50 million foreign guests, and the number of participants in domestic tourism will double. The tourism industry will account for 16% of GDP by the end of the decade, and 16% of the employed will also work in tourism hospitality. Hungary has also undertaken to make our economy carbon-neutral by 2030, but in the field of tourism and hospitality, only the larger hotel chains have started in this direction; the lag among small and medium-sized enterprises is still very large. Europe’s largest hotel chain, the Accor Group, is leading by example in the field of green transformation, but procurement logistics still seems unresolved. However, the 4.0 revolution in industry and logistics is also increasingly circulating in tourism, as evidenced by this study results. The authors tried to analyze the situation of green logistics in Hungary with the phasing questions. Data for analysis were collected through a questionnaire survey. The participants in this survey belong to the young age group, and their education is higher than average. It was found that the young age group has already grown up knowing the importance of environmental protection. More than 90% of young people are interested in environmental protection or are doing it in some form. Overall, thinking about carbon neutral operation is positive, but this doesn’t seem to impact the buying decision process.

The frontier of Pannonia, which stretched from Klostenburg to Belgrade, was one of the most important borderlines of the Empire. This is proved by the strong military power concentrated in Pannonia from the second half of the 1st century onwards. A 400-km-long section of it lies on the territory of present day Hungary. There is a large archaeological area in Budapest (Aquincum), with quite a few monuments, such as parts of the legionary fortress, the military amphitheatre and the whole quarter of a preserved civil town (Figure 2). The watch-towers are - especially from the late Roman period and around the Danube Bend - at a distance of 1 to 2 km apart from each other (ripapannonica.hu). During the first century AD some auxiliary forces were stationed along the main routes leading across the country to the fortifications at the Danube bank.