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Background: Recent studies demonstrated higher prevalence rates of Tropheryma whipplei (T. whipplei) in HIV positive than in HIV negative subjects. However, associations with the immune status in HIV positive participants were conflicting. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, stool samples of 906 HIV positive and 98 HIV negative individuals in Ghana were tested for T. whipplei. Additionally, sociodemographic parameters, clinical symptoms, medical drug intake, and laboratory parameters were assessed. Results: The prevalence of T. whipplei was 5.85% in HIV positive and 2.04% in HIV negative participants. Within the group of HIV positive participants, the prevalence reached 7.18% in patients without co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, 10.26% in subjects with ART intake, and 12.31% in obese participants. Frequencies of clinical symptoms were not found to be higher in HIV positive T. whipplei carriers compared to T. whipplei negative participants. Markers of immune activation were lower in patients colonized with T. whipplei. Multivariate regression models demonstrated an independent relationship of a high CD4+ T cell count, a low HIV-1 viral load, and an obese body weight with the presence of T. whipplei. Conclusions: Among HIV positive individuals, T. whipplei colonization was associated with a better immune status but not with clinical consequences. Our data suggest that the withdrawal of co-trimoxazole chemoprophylaxis among people living with HIV on stable cART regimen may inadvertently increase the propensity towards colonization with T. whipplei.
Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt; Fred Stephen Sarfo; Eva-Maria Klupp; Albert Dompreh; Veronica Di Cristanziano; Edmund Osei Kuffour; Richard Boateng; Betty Norman; Richard Odame Phillips; Martin Aepfelbacher; Torsten Feldt. Intestinal Colonization with Tropheryma whipplei—Clinical and Immunological Implications for HIV Positive Adults in Ghana. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1781 .
AMA StyleKirsten Alexandra Eberhardt, Fred Stephen Sarfo, Eva-Maria Klupp, Albert Dompreh, Veronica Di Cristanziano, Edmund Osei Kuffour, Richard Boateng, Betty Norman, Richard Odame Phillips, Martin Aepfelbacher, Torsten Feldt. Intestinal Colonization with Tropheryma whipplei—Clinical and Immunological Implications for HIV Positive Adults in Ghana. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (8):1781.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKirsten Alexandra Eberhardt; Fred Stephen Sarfo; Eva-Maria Klupp; Albert Dompreh; Veronica Di Cristanziano; Edmund Osei Kuffour; Richard Boateng; Betty Norman; Richard Odame Phillips; Martin Aepfelbacher; Torsten Feldt. 2021. "Intestinal Colonization with Tropheryma whipplei—Clinical and Immunological Implications for HIV Positive Adults in Ghana." Microorganisms 9, no. 8: 1781.
Cystoisospora (C.) belli is a coccidian parasite associated with acute or chronic gastroenteritis in immunocompromised patients. Dissatisfactory sensitivity of microscopy as the diagnostic standard approach has been described. Here, we comparatively evaluated two real-time PCRs targeting ribosomal RNA gene sequences of C. belli in stool in a test comparison without a reference standard applying latent class analysis. Therefore, 1000 stool samples from Ghanaian HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) patients (n = 905) as well as military returnees from the tropics (n = 95) were assessed by both assays in parallel. After the exclusion of 33 samples showing PCR inhibition, 29 and 33 positive results were recorded with the 5.8S rRNA gene/ITS-2 sequence PCR and the ITS-2 sequence PCR, respectively, resulting in an accuracy-adjusted prevalence of 3.2%. Nearly perfect agreement between both assays was indicated by Fleiss’ kappa of 0.933 with sensitivity and specificity of 92.8% and 100% as well as 100% and 99.8% for the 5.8S rRNA gene/ITS-2 sequence PCR and the ITS-2 sequence PCR, respectively. Both assays proved to be suitable for the diagnosis of C. belli in human stool samples with slightly better sensitivity of the ITS-2 sequence assay, while the 5.8S rRNA gene/ITS-2 sequence PCR may be considered for confirmatory testing.
Martin Blohm; Andreas Hahn; Ralf Matthias Hagen; Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt; Holger Rohde; Gérard Leboulle; Torsten Feldt; Fred Stephen Sarfo; Veronica Di Cristanziano; Hagen Frickmann; Ulrike Loderstädt. Comparison of Two Real-Time PCR Assays Targeting Ribosomal Sequences for the Identification of Cystoisospora belli in Human Stool Samples. Pathogens 2021, 10, 1053 .
AMA StyleMartin Blohm, Andreas Hahn, Ralf Matthias Hagen, Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt, Holger Rohde, Gérard Leboulle, Torsten Feldt, Fred Stephen Sarfo, Veronica Di Cristanziano, Hagen Frickmann, Ulrike Loderstädt. Comparison of Two Real-Time PCR Assays Targeting Ribosomal Sequences for the Identification of Cystoisospora belli in Human Stool Samples. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (8):1053.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartin Blohm; Andreas Hahn; Ralf Matthias Hagen; Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt; Holger Rohde; Gérard Leboulle; Torsten Feldt; Fred Stephen Sarfo; Veronica Di Cristanziano; Hagen Frickmann; Ulrike Loderstädt. 2021. "Comparison of Two Real-Time PCR Assays Targeting Ribosomal Sequences for the Identification of Cystoisospora belli in Human Stool Samples." Pathogens 10, no. 8: 1053.
Background: The human gut microbiota is a microbial ecosystem contributing to the maintenance of host health with functions related to immune and metabolic aspects. Relations between microbiota and enteric pathogens in sub-Saharan Africa are scarcely investigated. The present study explored gut microbiota composition associated to the presence of common enteric pathogens and commensal microorganisms, e.g., Blastocystis and Entamoeba species, in children and adults from semi-urban and non-urban localities in Côte d’Ivoire. Methods: Seventy-six stool samples were analyzed for microbiota composition by 16S rRDNA sequencing. The presence of adeno-, entero-, parechoviruses, bacterial and protozoal pathogens, Blastocystis, and commensal Entamoeba species, was analyzed by different molecular assays. Results: Twelve individuals resulted negative for any tested microorganisms, 64 subjects were positive for one or more microorganisms. Adenovirus, enterovirus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), and Blastocystis were frequently detected. Conclusions: The bacterial composition driven by Prevotellaceae and Ruminococcaceae confirmed the biotype related to the traditional dietary and cooking practices in low-income countries. Clear separation in UniFrac distance in subjects co-harboring Entamoeba hartmanni and Blastocystis was evidenced. Alpha diversity variation in negative control group versus only Blastocystis positive suggested its possible regulatory contribution on intestinal microbiota. Pathogenic bacteria and virus did not affect the positive outcome of co-harbored Blastocystis.
Veronica Di Cristanziano; Fedja Farowski; Federica Berrilli; Maristella Santoro; David Di Cave; Christophe Glé; Martin Daeumer; Alexander Thielen; Maike Wirtz; Rolf Kaiser; Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt; Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild; Rossella D’Alfonso. Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota Composition Associated to the Presence of Commensal and Pathogen Microorganisms in Côte d’Ivoire. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1763 .
AMA StyleVeronica Di Cristanziano, Fedja Farowski, Federica Berrilli, Maristella Santoro, David Di Cave, Christophe Glé, Martin Daeumer, Alexander Thielen, Maike Wirtz, Rolf Kaiser, Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt, Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild, Rossella D’Alfonso. Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota Composition Associated to the Presence of Commensal and Pathogen Microorganisms in Côte d’Ivoire. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (8):1763.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeronica Di Cristanziano; Fedja Farowski; Federica Berrilli; Maristella Santoro; David Di Cave; Christophe Glé; Martin Daeumer; Alexander Thielen; Maike Wirtz; Rolf Kaiser; Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt; Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild; Rossella D’Alfonso. 2021. "Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota Composition Associated to the Presence of Commensal and Pathogen Microorganisms in Côte d’Ivoire." Microorganisms 9, no. 8: 1763.
The treatment options for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in immunosuppressed patients are limited, mainly consisting of (val-)ganciclovir (VGC/GCV) as the first-line treatment. We report on three transplant recipients, one stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) patient and two kidney transplant (KTx) recipients, with prolonged CMV viremia treated with a combined therapy based on letermovir (LMV), CMV-specific intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg), and VGC/GCV, which led to the sustained control of CMV viremia in all patients.
Veronica Di Cristanziano; Patrick Affeldt; Moritz Trappe; Maike Wirtz; Eva Heger; Elena Knops; Rolf Kaiser; Dirk Stippel; Roman-Ulrich Müller; Udo Holtick; Christoph Scheid; Martin Kann; Christine Kurschat; Franziska Grundmann. Combined Therapy with Intravenous Immunoglobulins, Letermovir and (Val-)Ganciclovir in Complicated Courses of CMV-Infection in Transplant Recipients. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1666 .
AMA StyleVeronica Di Cristanziano, Patrick Affeldt, Moritz Trappe, Maike Wirtz, Eva Heger, Elena Knops, Rolf Kaiser, Dirk Stippel, Roman-Ulrich Müller, Udo Holtick, Christoph Scheid, Martin Kann, Christine Kurschat, Franziska Grundmann. Combined Therapy with Intravenous Immunoglobulins, Letermovir and (Val-)Ganciclovir in Complicated Courses of CMV-Infection in Transplant Recipients. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (8):1666.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeronica Di Cristanziano; Patrick Affeldt; Moritz Trappe; Maike Wirtz; Eva Heger; Elena Knops; Rolf Kaiser; Dirk Stippel; Roman-Ulrich Müller; Udo Holtick; Christoph Scheid; Martin Kann; Christine Kurschat; Franziska Grundmann. 2021. "Combined Therapy with Intravenous Immunoglobulins, Letermovir and (Val-)Ganciclovir in Complicated Courses of CMV-Infection in Transplant Recipients." Microorganisms 9, no. 8: 1666.
Microsporidiosis is an infection predominantly occurring in immunosuppressed patients and infrequently also in travelers. This study was performed to comparatively evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of real-time PCR assays targeting microsporidia with etiological relevance in the stool of human patients in a latent class analysis-based test comparison without a reference standard with perfect accuracy. Thereby, two one-tube real-time PCR assays and two two-tube real-time PCR assays targeting Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalocytozoon spp. were included in the assessment with reference stool material (20), stool samples from Ghanaian HIV-positive patients (903), and from travelers, migrants and Colombian indigenous people (416). Sensitivity of the assays ranged from 60.4% to 97.4% and specificity from 99.1% to 100% with substantial agreement according to Cohen’s kappa of 79.6%. Microsporidia DNA was detected in the reference material and the stool of the HIV patients but not in the stool of the travelers, migrants, and the Colombian indigenous people. Accuracy-adjusted prevalence was 5.8% (n = 78) for the study population as a whole. In conclusion, reliable detection of enteric disease-associated microsporidia in stool samples by real-time PCR could be demonstrated, but sensitivity between the compared microsporidia-specific real-time PCR assays varied.
Konstantin Tanida; Andreas Hahn; Kirsten Eberhardt; Egbert Tannich; Olfert Landt; Simone Kann; Torsten Feldt; Fred Sarfo; Veronica Di Cristanziano; Hagen Frickmann; Ulrike Loderstädt. Comparative Assessment of In-House Real-Time PCRs Targeting Enteric Disease-Associated Microsporidia in Human Stool Samples. Pathogens 2021, 10, 656 .
AMA StyleKonstantin Tanida, Andreas Hahn, Kirsten Eberhardt, Egbert Tannich, Olfert Landt, Simone Kann, Torsten Feldt, Fred Sarfo, Veronica Di Cristanziano, Hagen Frickmann, Ulrike Loderstädt. Comparative Assessment of In-House Real-Time PCRs Targeting Enteric Disease-Associated Microsporidia in Human Stool Samples. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (6):656.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKonstantin Tanida; Andreas Hahn; Kirsten Eberhardt; Egbert Tannich; Olfert Landt; Simone Kann; Torsten Feldt; Fred Sarfo; Veronica Di Cristanziano; Hagen Frickmann; Ulrike Loderstädt. 2021. "Comparative Assessment of In-House Real-Time PCRs Targeting Enteric Disease-Associated Microsporidia in Human Stool Samples." Pathogens 10, no. 6: 656.
Background: The investigation of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 represents a key aspect in facing the COVID-19 pandemic. In the present study, we compared the new Immundiagnostik IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay with four widely-used commercial serological assays for the detection of antibodies targeting S (spike) and NC (nucleocapsid) proteins. Methods: Serum samples were taken from an unbiased group of convalescent patients and from a negative control group. Sample were simultaneously analyzed by the new Immundiagnostik IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay, by the DiaSorin LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG assay, and by the Euroimmun anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG ELISA. Antibodies binding NC were detected by the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay and by the pan-immunoglobulin immunoassay Roche Elecsys® anti-SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, we investigated samples of a group of COVID-19 convalescent subjects that were primarily tested S1 IgG non-reactive. Samples were also tested by live virus and pseudovirus neutralization tests. Results: Overall, the IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay showed the highest sensitivity among the evaluated spike (S) protein-based assays. Additionally, the Immundiagnostik assay correlated well with serum-neutralizing activity. Conclusions: The novel IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assay showed high sensitivity and specificity, representing a valid option for use in the routine diagnostic.
Kirsten Eberhardt; Felix Dewald; Eva Heger; Lutz Gieselmann; Kanika Vanshylla; Maike Wirtz; Franziska Kleipass; Wibke Johannis; Philipp Schommers; Henning Gruell; Karl Brensing; Roman-Ulrich Müller; Max Augustin; Clara Lehmann; Manuel Koch; Florian Klein; Veronica Di Cristanziano. Evaluation of a New Spike (S)-Protein-Based Commercial Immunoassay for the Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 733 .
AMA StyleKirsten Eberhardt, Felix Dewald, Eva Heger, Lutz Gieselmann, Kanika Vanshylla, Maike Wirtz, Franziska Kleipass, Wibke Johannis, Philipp Schommers, Henning Gruell, Karl Brensing, Roman-Ulrich Müller, Max Augustin, Clara Lehmann, Manuel Koch, Florian Klein, Veronica Di Cristanziano. Evaluation of a New Spike (S)-Protein-Based Commercial Immunoassay for the Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (4):733.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKirsten Eberhardt; Felix Dewald; Eva Heger; Lutz Gieselmann; Kanika Vanshylla; Maike Wirtz; Franziska Kleipass; Wibke Johannis; Philipp Schommers; Henning Gruell; Karl Brensing; Roman-Ulrich Müller; Max Augustin; Clara Lehmann; Manuel Koch; Florian Klein; Veronica Di Cristanziano. 2021. "Evaluation of a New Spike (S)-Protein-Based Commercial Immunoassay for the Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG." Microorganisms 9, no. 4: 733.
Background The investigation of antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 represents a key aspect in facing the COVID-19 pandemic. In the present study, we compared one new and four widely used commercial serological assays for the detection of antibodies targeting S (spike) and NC (nucleocapsid) protein. Methods Serum samples from a group of apparently non-responders, from an unbiased group of convalescent patients and from a negative control group were sim-ultaneously analyzed by the LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG test, Euroimmun anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG ELISA and IDK® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG assays. IgG binding NC were detected by the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay and by the panimmunoglobulin immunoassay Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, samples were also tested by live virus and pseudovirus neutralization tests. Results Overall, about 50% of convalescent patients with undetectable IgG antibodies using the commercial kit by Euroimmun were identified as IgG positive by Immundiagnostik and Roche. While both assays achieved similarly high sensitivities, Immundiagnostik correlated better with serum neutralizing activity than Roche. Conclusions Although the proportion of IgG seropositive individuals appears to be higher using more sensitive immunoassays, the protective ability and the potential to serve as indirect markers of other beneficial immune responses warrants for further research.
Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt; Felix Dewald; Eva Heger; Lutz Gieselmann; Kanika Vanshylla; Maike Wirtz; Franziska Kleipass; Wibke Johannis; Philipp Schommers; Henning Gruell; Karl August Brensing; Roman-Ulrich Müller; Max Augustin; Clara Lehmann; Manuel Koch; Florian Klein; Veronica Di Cristanziano. Evaluation of a new spike (S) protein based commercial immunoassay for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleKirsten Alexandra Eberhardt, Felix Dewald, Eva Heger, Lutz Gieselmann, Kanika Vanshylla, Maike Wirtz, Franziska Kleipass, Wibke Johannis, Philipp Schommers, Henning Gruell, Karl August Brensing, Roman-Ulrich Müller, Max Augustin, Clara Lehmann, Manuel Koch, Florian Klein, Veronica Di Cristanziano. Evaluation of a new spike (S) protein based commercial immunoassay for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKirsten Alexandra Eberhardt; Felix Dewald; Eva Heger; Lutz Gieselmann; Kanika Vanshylla; Maike Wirtz; Franziska Kleipass; Wibke Johannis; Philipp Schommers; Henning Gruell; Karl August Brensing; Roman-Ulrich Müller; Max Augustin; Clara Lehmann; Manuel Koch; Florian Klein; Veronica Di Cristanziano. 2021. "Evaluation of a new spike (S) protein based commercial immunoassay for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG." , no. : 1.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents a global health emergency. To improve the understanding of the systemic component of SARS-CoV-2, we investigated if viral load dynamics in plasma and respiratory samples are associated with antibody response and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was found in plasma samples from 14 (44%) out of 32 patients. RNAemia was detected in 5 out of 6 fatal cases. Peak IgG values were significantly lower in mild/moderate than in severe (0.6 (interquartile range, IQR, 0.4–3.2) vs. 11.8 (IQR, 9.9–13.0), adjusted p = 0.003) or critical cases (11.29 (IQR, 8.3–12.0), adjusted p = 0.042). IgG titers were significantly associated with virus Ct (Cycle threshold) value in plasma and respiratory specimens ((ß = 0.4, 95% CI (confidence interval, 0.2; 0.5), p < 0.001 and ß = 0.5, 95% CI (0.2; 0.6), p = 0.002). A classification as severe or a critical case was additionally inversely associated with Ct values in plasma in comparison to mild/moderate cases (ß = −3.3, 95% CI (−5.8; 0.8), p = 0.024 and ß = −4.4, 95% CI (−7.2; 1.6), p = 0.007, respectively). Based on the present data, our hypothesis is that the early stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a primary RNAemia, as a potential manifestation of a systemic infection. Additionally, the viral load in plasma seems to be associated with a worse disease outcome.
Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt; Charlotte Meyer-Schwickerath; Eva Heger; Elena Knops; Clara Lehmann; Jan Rybniker; Philipp Schommers; Dennis A. Eichenauer; Florian Kurth; Michael Ramharter; Rolf Kaiser; Udo Holtick; Florian Klein; Norma Jung; Veronica Di Cristanziano. RNAemia Corresponds to Disease Severity and Antibody Response in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Viruses 2020, 12, 1045 .
AMA StyleKirsten Alexandra Eberhardt, Charlotte Meyer-Schwickerath, Eva Heger, Elena Knops, Clara Lehmann, Jan Rybniker, Philipp Schommers, Dennis A. Eichenauer, Florian Kurth, Michael Ramharter, Rolf Kaiser, Udo Holtick, Florian Klein, Norma Jung, Veronica Di Cristanziano. RNAemia Corresponds to Disease Severity and Antibody Response in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Viruses. 2020; 12 (9):1045.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKirsten Alexandra Eberhardt; Charlotte Meyer-Schwickerath; Eva Heger; Elena Knops; Clara Lehmann; Jan Rybniker; Philipp Schommers; Dennis A. Eichenauer; Florian Kurth; Michael Ramharter; Rolf Kaiser; Udo Holtick; Florian Klein; Norma Jung; Veronica Di Cristanziano. 2020. "RNAemia Corresponds to Disease Severity and Antibody Response in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients." Viruses 12, no. 9: 1045.
Background Rapid and extensive testing of large parts of the population and specific subgroups is crucial for proper management of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and decision-making in times of a pandemic outbreak. However, point-of-care (POC) testing in places such as emergency units, outpatient clinics, airport security points or the entrance of any public building is a major challenge. The need for thermal cycling and nucleic acid isolation hampers the use of standard PCR-based methods for this purpose. Methods To avoid these obstacles, we tested PCR-independent methods for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from primary material (nasopharyngeal swabs) including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and specific high-sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking (SHERLOCK). Results Whilst specificity of standard LAMP assays appears to be satisfactory, sensitivity does not reach the current gold-standard quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays yet. We describe a novel multiplexed LAMP approach and validate its sensitivity on primary samples. This approach allows for fast and reliable identification of infected individuals. Primer optimization and multiplexing helps to increase sensitivity significantly. In addition, we directly compare and combine our novel LAMP assays with SHERLOCK. Conclusion In summary, this approach reveals one-step multiplexed LAMP assays as a prime-option for the development of easy and cheap POC test kits.
Bernhard Schermer; Francesca Fabretti; Maximilian Damagnez; Veronica Di Cristanziano; Eva Heger; Sita Arjune; Nathan A. Tanner; Thomas Imhof; Manuel Koch; Alim Ladha; Julia Joung; Jonathan S. Gootenberg; Omar O. Abudayyeh; Volker Burst; Feng Zhang; Florian Klein; Thomas Benzing; Roman-U. Müller. Rapid SARS-CoV-2 testing in primary material based on a novel multiplex LAMP assay. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleBernhard Schermer, Francesca Fabretti, Maximilian Damagnez, Veronica Di Cristanziano, Eva Heger, Sita Arjune, Nathan A. Tanner, Thomas Imhof, Manuel Koch, Alim Ladha, Julia Joung, Jonathan S. Gootenberg, Omar O. Abudayyeh, Volker Burst, Feng Zhang, Florian Klein, Thomas Benzing, Roman-U. Müller. Rapid SARS-CoV-2 testing in primary material based on a novel multiplex LAMP assay. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernhard Schermer; Francesca Fabretti; Maximilian Damagnez; Veronica Di Cristanziano; Eva Heger; Sita Arjune; Nathan A. Tanner; Thomas Imhof; Manuel Koch; Alim Ladha; Julia Joung; Jonathan S. Gootenberg; Omar O. Abudayyeh; Volker Burst; Feng Zhang; Florian Klein; Thomas Benzing; Roman-U. Müller. 2020. "Rapid SARS-CoV-2 testing in primary material based on a novel multiplex LAMP assay." , no. : 1.
Russia has one of the largest and fastest growing HIV epidemics. However, epidemiological data are scarce. Sub-subtype A6 is most prevalent in Russia but its identification is challenging. We analysed protease/reverse transcriptase-, integrase-sequences, and epidemiological data from 303 patients to develop a methodology for the systematisation of A6 identification and to describe the HIV epidemiology in the Russian Southern Federal District. Drug consumption (32.0%) and heterosexual contact (27.1%) were the major reported transmission risks. This study successfully established the settings for systematic identification of A6 samples. Low frequency of subtype B (3.3%) and large prevalence of sub-subtype A6 (69.6%) and subtype G (23.4%) were detected. Transmitted PI- (8.8%) and NRTI-resistance (6.4%) were detected in therapy-naive patients. In therapy-experienced patients, 17.3% of the isolates showed resistance to PIs, 50.0% to NRTI, 39.2% to NNRTIs, and 9.5% to INSTIs. Multiresistance was identified in 52 isolates, 40 corresponding to two-class resistance and seven to three-class resistance. Two resistance-associated-mutations significantly associated to sub-subtype A6 samples: A62VRT and G190SRT. This study establishes the conditions for a systematic annotation of sub-subtype A6 to normalise epidemiological studies. Accurate knowledge on South Russian epidemiology will allow for the development of efficient regional frameworks for HIV-1 infection management.
Madita Schlösser; Vladimir V. Kartashev; Visa H. Mikkola; Andrey Shemshura; Sergey Saukhat; Dmitriy Kolpakov; Alexandr Suladze; Tatiana Tverdokhlebova; Katharina Hutt; Eva Heger; Elena Knops; Michael Böhm; Veronica Di Cristanziano; Rolf Kaiser; Anders Sönnerborg; Maurizio Zazzi; Marina Bobkova; Saleta Sierra. HIV-1 Sub-Subtype A6: Settings for Normalised Identification and Molecular Epidemiology in the Southern Federal District, Russia. Viruses 2020, 12, 475 .
AMA StyleMadita Schlösser, Vladimir V. Kartashev, Visa H. Mikkola, Andrey Shemshura, Sergey Saukhat, Dmitriy Kolpakov, Alexandr Suladze, Tatiana Tverdokhlebova, Katharina Hutt, Eva Heger, Elena Knops, Michael Böhm, Veronica Di Cristanziano, Rolf Kaiser, Anders Sönnerborg, Maurizio Zazzi, Marina Bobkova, Saleta Sierra. HIV-1 Sub-Subtype A6: Settings for Normalised Identification and Molecular Epidemiology in the Southern Federal District, Russia. Viruses. 2020; 12 (4):475.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMadita Schlösser; Vladimir V. Kartashev; Visa H. Mikkola; Andrey Shemshura; Sergey Saukhat; Dmitriy Kolpakov; Alexandr Suladze; Tatiana Tverdokhlebova; Katharina Hutt; Eva Heger; Elena Knops; Michael Böhm; Veronica Di Cristanziano; Rolf Kaiser; Anders Sönnerborg; Maurizio Zazzi; Marina Bobkova; Saleta Sierra. 2020. "HIV-1 Sub-Subtype A6: Settings for Normalised Identification and Molecular Epidemiology in the Southern Federal District, Russia." Viruses 12, no. 4: 475.
In the post-polio eradication era, increasing attention is given to non-polio enteroviruses. Most of the data about enteroviruses in sub-Saharan Africa are related to acute flaccid paralysis surveillance and target the pediatric population. This study aimed to investigate the presence of enterovirus in PLHIV (people living with HIV) and HIV-negative individuals in Ghana. Stool samples from HIV-positive individuals (n = 250) and healthy blood donors (n = 102) attending the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi, Ghana, were screened by real-time PCR for enterovirus. Molecular typing of the VP1 region was performed. Enterovirus-positive samples were tested for norovirus, adenovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus, and cosaviruses. Twenty-six out of 250 HIV-positive subjects (10.4%) and 14 out of 102 HIV-negative individuals (13.7%) were detected enterovirus-positive, not showing a significant different infection rate between the two groups. HIV-negative individuals were infected with Enterovirus C strains only. HIV-positive participants were detected positive for species Enterovirus A, Enterovirus B, and Enterovirus C. Co-infections with other viral enteric pathogens were almost exclusively detected among HIV-positive participants. Overall, the present study provides the first data about enteroviruses within HIV-positive and HIV-negative adults living in Ghana.
Veronica Di Cristanziano; Kristina Weimer; Sindy Böttcher; Fred Stephen Sarfo; Albert Dompreh; Lucio-Garcia Cesar; Elena Knops; Eva Heger; Maike Wirtz; Rolf Kaiser; Betty Norman; Richard Odame Phillips; Torsten Feldt; Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt. Molecular Characterization and Clinical Description of Non-Polio Enteroviruses Detected in Stool Samples from HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Adults in Ghana. Viruses 2020, 12, 221 .
AMA StyleVeronica Di Cristanziano, Kristina Weimer, Sindy Böttcher, Fred Stephen Sarfo, Albert Dompreh, Lucio-Garcia Cesar, Elena Knops, Eva Heger, Maike Wirtz, Rolf Kaiser, Betty Norman, Richard Odame Phillips, Torsten Feldt, Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt. Molecular Characterization and Clinical Description of Non-Polio Enteroviruses Detected in Stool Samples from HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Adults in Ghana. Viruses. 2020; 12 (2):221.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeronica Di Cristanziano; Kristina Weimer; Sindy Böttcher; Fred Stephen Sarfo; Albert Dompreh; Lucio-Garcia Cesar; Elena Knops; Eva Heger; Maike Wirtz; Rolf Kaiser; Betty Norman; Richard Odame Phillips; Torsten Feldt; Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt. 2020. "Molecular Characterization and Clinical Description of Non-Polio Enteroviruses Detected in Stool Samples from HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Adults in Ghana." Viruses 12, no. 2: 221.
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an established treatment option for several hematological diseases. However, the first year post-transplantation is often complicated by infections and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Improvements in immunological monitoring could reduce such post-transplant complications. Torque Teno virus (TTV), a chronically persisting DNA virus, is reported to be a marker for immune function in immunocompromised patients. In the present study, the TTV kinetics were analyzed to investigate the potential role of TTV viremia as immune-competence read-out after allo-HSCT. Twenty-three monocentric allo-HSCT recipients were retrospectively tested for TTV-DNA in whole blood at given day post-transplant. Dynamics of TTV viremia was analyzed with respect to episodes of non-TTV viral reactivations (CMV, EBV, and BKPyV), acute GVHD, and recovery of immune cells. Recipients affected by persisting viral infections and/or GVHD during the first 100 days after allo-HSCT showed a significantly higher median TTV load at day +30 than patients with a less complicated clinical course (p = 0.005). This was also associated with a total lymphocyte count <5.5E+08 cells/L in this high-risk group (p = 0.039). These findings suggest that TTV could represent an additional parameter to identify patients at higher risk for complications in the first 100 days following allo-HSCT. Prospective studies, including the monitoring of lymphocyte subsets, are required to define the potential use of TTV in immunological monitoring after allo-HSCT.
Ramona Gilles; Marco Herling; Udo Holtick; Eva Heger; Sabine Awerkiew; Irina Fish; Konstantin Höller; Saleta Sierra; Elena Knops; Rolf Kaiser; Christof Scheid; Veronica Di Cristanziano. Dynamics of Torque Teno virus viremia could predict risk of complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 2017, 206, 355 -362.
AMA StyleRamona Gilles, Marco Herling, Udo Holtick, Eva Heger, Sabine Awerkiew, Irina Fish, Konstantin Höller, Saleta Sierra, Elena Knops, Rolf Kaiser, Christof Scheid, Veronica Di Cristanziano. Dynamics of Torque Teno virus viremia could predict risk of complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 2017; 206 (5):355-362.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamona Gilles; Marco Herling; Udo Holtick; Eva Heger; Sabine Awerkiew; Irina Fish; Konstantin Höller; Saleta Sierra; Elena Knops; Rolf Kaiser; Christof Scheid; Veronica Di Cristanziano. 2017. "Dynamics of Torque Teno virus viremia could predict risk of complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation." Medical Microbiology and Immunology 206, no. 5: 355-362.
Aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the dynamics of BKPyV reactivation in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients in order to identify patients with higher risk to develop BKPyV-associated hemorrhagic cystitis (BKPyV-associated HC). The study included 58 allo-HSCT recipients from the University Hospital of Cologne detected BKPyV positive by real-time PCR between 2009 and 2015. For correlative analysis, the first detected BKPyV-DNA load in urine and in plasma as well as the onset and severity of HC following the first day of conditioning regimen was considered. Phylogenetic analysis of BKPyV isolates was performed. In 25 of 58 patients, BKPyV-DNA was detected in urine only (group U), whereas 33 patients developed additional viremia (group P). A chronologic sequence viruria-viremia-HC was identified. Viral load of >106 copies/mL at first viruria and evidence of viremia after 45 days from the start of conditioning represented risk factors for the onset of HC. Molecular characterization revealed a non-stereotypic distribution of viral subtypes across groups U and P. Monitoring of BKPyV-DNA by real-time PCR after initiation of conditioning, regularly performed in clinical practice, can be a crucial tool for the early identification of patients with higher risk of BKPyV-associated HC.
Konstantin Höller; Lavinia Fabeni; Marco Herling; Udo Holtick; Christof Scheid; Elena Knops; Nadine Lübke; Rolf Kaiser; Herbert Pfister; Veronica Di Cristanziano. Dynamics of BKPyV reactivation and risk of hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. European Journal of Haematology 2017, 99, 133 -140.
AMA StyleKonstantin Höller, Lavinia Fabeni, Marco Herling, Udo Holtick, Christof Scheid, Elena Knops, Nadine Lübke, Rolf Kaiser, Herbert Pfister, Veronica Di Cristanziano. Dynamics of BKPyV reactivation and risk of hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. European Journal of Haematology. 2017; 99 (2):133-140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKonstantin Höller; Lavinia Fabeni; Marco Herling; Udo Holtick; Christof Scheid; Elena Knops; Nadine Lübke; Rolf Kaiser; Herbert Pfister; Veronica Di Cristanziano. 2017. "Dynamics of BKPyV reactivation and risk of hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation." European Journal of Haematology 99, no. 2: 133-140.
Marco Herling; L. Schröder; Sabine Awerkiew; Geothy Chakupurakal; Udo Holtick; Rolf Kaiser; Herbert Pfister; Christof Scheid; Veronica Di Cristanziano; Press Enter Key For Correspondence Information. Persistent CMV infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a CMV-seronegative donor-to-positive recipient constellation: Development of multidrug resistance in the absence of anti-viral cellular immunity. Journal of Clinical Virology 2015, 74, 57 -60.
AMA StyleMarco Herling, L. Schröder, Sabine Awerkiew, Geothy Chakupurakal, Udo Holtick, Rolf Kaiser, Herbert Pfister, Christof Scheid, Veronica Di Cristanziano, Press Enter Key For Correspondence Information. Persistent CMV infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a CMV-seronegative donor-to-positive recipient constellation: Development of multidrug resistance in the absence of anti-viral cellular immunity. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2015; 74 ():57-60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco Herling; L. Schröder; Sabine Awerkiew; Geothy Chakupurakal; Udo Holtick; Rolf Kaiser; Herbert Pfister; Christof Scheid; Veronica Di Cristanziano; Press Enter Key For Correspondence Information. 2015. "Persistent CMV infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a CMV-seronegative donor-to-positive recipient constellation: Development of multidrug resistance in the absence of anti-viral cellular immunity." Journal of Clinical Virology 74, no. : 57-60.
The publisher regrets that the author list was wrong on the original paper. The correct author list can be found above. The publisher would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Veronica Di Cristanziano; Sindy Böttcher; Sabine Diedrich; Monika Timmen-Wego; Elena Knops; Nadine Lübke; Rolf Kaiser; Herbert Pfister; Yolande Kaboré; Rossella D’Alfonso. Erratum to “Detection and characterization of enteroviruses and parechoviruses in healthy people living in the South of Côte d’Ivoire” [J. Clin. Virol. 71 (2015) 40–43]. Journal of Clinical Virology 2015, 72, 153 .
AMA StyleVeronica Di Cristanziano, Sindy Böttcher, Sabine Diedrich, Monika Timmen-Wego, Elena Knops, Nadine Lübke, Rolf Kaiser, Herbert Pfister, Yolande Kaboré, Rossella D’Alfonso. Erratum to “Detection and characterization of enteroviruses and parechoviruses in healthy people living in the South of Côte d’Ivoire” [J. Clin. Virol. 71 (2015) 40–43]. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2015; 72 ():153.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeronica Di Cristanziano; Sindy Böttcher; Sabine Diedrich; Monika Timmen-Wego; Elena Knops; Nadine Lübke; Rolf Kaiser; Herbert Pfister; Yolande Kaboré; Rossella D’Alfonso. 2015. "Erratum to “Detection and characterization of enteroviruses and parechoviruses in healthy people living in the South of Côte d’Ivoire” [J. Clin. Virol. 71 (2015) 40–43]." Journal of Clinical Virology 72, no. : 153.
This study showed a large variety of EV strains in healthy people in the South of Côte d'Ivoire and provided the first available data about HPeV infections in a sub-Saharan African country.
Veronica Di Cristanziano; Sindy Böttcher; Sabine Diedrich; Monika Timmen-Wego; Elena Knops; Nadine Lübke; Rolf Kaiser; Herbert Pfister; Yolande Kaboré; Rossella D'Alfonso. Detection and characterization of enteroviruses and parechoviruses in healthy people living in the South of Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Clinical Virology 2015, 71, 40 -43.
AMA StyleVeronica Di Cristanziano, Sindy Böttcher, Sabine Diedrich, Monika Timmen-Wego, Elena Knops, Nadine Lübke, Rolf Kaiser, Herbert Pfister, Yolande Kaboré, Rossella D'Alfonso. Detection and characterization of enteroviruses and parechoviruses in healthy people living in the South of Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2015; 71 ():40-43.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeronica Di Cristanziano; Sindy Böttcher; Sabine Diedrich; Monika Timmen-Wego; Elena Knops; Nadine Lübke; Rolf Kaiser; Herbert Pfister; Yolande Kaboré; Rossella D'Alfonso. 2015. "Detection and characterization of enteroviruses and parechoviruses in healthy people living in the South of Côte d’Ivoire." Journal of Clinical Virology 71, no. : 40-43.
Introduction: Gastrointestinal infections caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites are endemic in most developing countries due to inadequate provision of safe water supplies, sanitation, and hygiene. To investigate the enteric pathogens infecting people living in Côte d’Ivoire, the Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel (xTAG GPP) assay was used to analyze 34 human fecal samples. This study represents the first application of this technology to samples from a sub-Saharan African country. Methodology: Thirty-four stool samples from asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, 1–15 years of age, were analyzed by xTAG GPP. The Luminex assay represents a qualitative bead-based multiplexed molecular diagnostic test able to identify concurrently 15 enteric pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Results: Overall, 22 out of 34 (64.7%) fecal specimens were detected to be positive by xTAG GPP. Sixteen were from asymptomatic subjects, and 10 patients (45.4%) showed co-infections. G. duodenalis was detected in 15 patients, in both mono- and co-infections, representing the most frequent pathogen, followed by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) LT/ST. Four norovirus isolates were also detected and assigned to genogroups I and II. Conclusions: Considering the burden of enteric infections in developing countries, particularly among children, and the high rate of co-infections in asymptomatic subjects, this study shows the need for diagnostic tools such as xTAG GPP to improve diagnosis and treatment of these infections in endemic areas.
Veronica Di Cristanziano; Monika Timmen-Wego; Nadine Lübke; Rolf Kaiser; Herbert Pfister; David Di Cave; Federica Berrilli; Yolande Kaboré; Rossella D´alfonso. Application of Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel to human stool samples from Côte d’Ivoire. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 2015, 9, 884 -889.
AMA StyleVeronica Di Cristanziano, Monika Timmen-Wego, Nadine Lübke, Rolf Kaiser, Herbert Pfister, David Di Cave, Federica Berrilli, Yolande Kaboré, Rossella D´alfonso. Application of Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel to human stool samples from Côte d’Ivoire. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2015; 9 (8):884-889.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeronica Di Cristanziano; Monika Timmen-Wego; Nadine Lübke; Rolf Kaiser; Herbert Pfister; David Di Cave; Federica Berrilli; Yolande Kaboré; Rossella D´alfonso. 2015. "Application of Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel to human stool samples from Côte d’Ivoire." The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 9, no. 8: 884-889.
Background: Resistance analysis from viral RNA is restricted to detectable viral load. Therefore, analysis from proviral DNA could help in cases with low-level or suppressed viremia. Methods: Viral plasma RNA and the corresponding cellular proviral DNA of 78 EDTA samples from 48 therapy-naïve (TN) and 30 therapy-experienced (TE) HIV-1-infected patients were isolated and analyzed for their resistance profiles in the protease and reverse transcriptase genes. Results: Overall, 175 drug-resistance mutations (DRMs) were detected in 25/30 TE (83.3%) and 5/48 TN (10.4%) samples. The TE patients displayed a mean number of 6.68 DRMs in RNA and 5.20 in DNA. In the TN patients, a mean of 0.8 DRMs was found in RNA and 1.0 in DNA; 75% of the DRMs were detected in RNA and DNA simultaneously. In the TE samples, 76% of the DRMs were detected simultaneously in RNA and DNA, 23% exclusively in RNA and 1% in DNA only. The TN samples revealed a significantly higher frequency of DRMs in DNA than in RNA. Conclusions: Proviral DNA resistance testing provides additional resistance information for TN patients. It is also a reliable alternative for TE patients with unsuccessful RNA testing and can provide valuable information when no records are available.
Nadine Lübke; Veronica Di Cristanziano; Saleta Sierra; Elena Knops; Eugen Schülter; Björn Jensen; Mark Oette; Thomas Lengauer; Rolf Kaiser; on behalf of the Resina Study Group. Proviral DNA as a Target for HIV-1 Resistance Analysis. Intervirology 2015, 58, 184 -189.
AMA StyleNadine Lübke, Veronica Di Cristanziano, Saleta Sierra, Elena Knops, Eugen Schülter, Björn Jensen, Mark Oette, Thomas Lengauer, Rolf Kaiser, on behalf of the Resina Study Group. Proviral DNA as a Target for HIV-1 Resistance Analysis. Intervirology. 2015; 58 (3):184-189.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNadine Lübke; Veronica Di Cristanziano; Saleta Sierra; Elena Knops; Eugen Schülter; Björn Jensen; Mark Oette; Thomas Lengauer; Rolf Kaiser; on behalf of the Resina Study Group. 2015. "Proviral DNA as a Target for HIV-1 Resistance Analysis." Intervirology 58, no. 3: 184-189.
Polyomavirus BK (BKPyV) is ubiquitous among humans. Following primary infection, the virus remains latent predominantly in the hosts’ uroepithelial cells. Up to 10 % of renal transplant recipients show a viral reactivation that can lead to polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PyVAN). In the absence of early treatments, the risk of graft loss is up to 80 %. Monitoring viral load in urine and plasma by real-time PCR after transplantation is the most common diagnostic tool to detect viral reactivation. In the present retrospective study, BKPyV-DNA loads in urine and plasma by quantitative real-time PCR were associated with clinical data, including HLA haplotype, blood parameters and viral genotype, of 40 renal transplant recipients at the University Clinics of Cologne. Seventeen out of 329 patients screened for BKPyV from January 2009 to October 2013 were detected BKPyV positive in urine only, whereas in 23 patients the virus became additionally detectable in plasma. Among these, ten patients progressed to PyVAN. Overall, the present study showed that the detection from the third month onwards after transplantation of a first viruric episode with a median viral load of 1 × 108 copies/mL, followed after few days by a first viremic episode with a median viral load of >1 × 104 copies/mL, was strongly associated with the development of PyVAN. In conclusion, the viral load and the temporal profile of the first viruric and viremic episode post-transplantation, in combination with specific features of the host immune response, should be considered as relevant clinical determinants of the risk of renal transplant recipients to progress to PyVAN.
K. Teutsch; F. Schweitzer; E. Knops; R. Kaiser; H. Pfister; J. Verheyen; H. Gobel; T. Cingöz; V. Di Cristanziano. Early identification of renal transplant recipients with high risk of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 2015, 204, 657 -664.
AMA StyleK. Teutsch, F. Schweitzer, E. Knops, R. Kaiser, H. Pfister, J. Verheyen, H. Gobel, T. Cingöz, V. Di Cristanziano. Early identification of renal transplant recipients with high risk of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy. Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 2015; 204 (6):657-664.
Chicago/Turabian StyleK. Teutsch; F. Schweitzer; E. Knops; R. Kaiser; H. Pfister; J. Verheyen; H. Gobel; T. Cingöz; V. Di Cristanziano. 2015. "Early identification of renal transplant recipients with high risk of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy." Medical Microbiology and Immunology 204, no. 6: 657-664.
Giardia duodenalis represents one of the most widespread human enteric parasites: about 200million people in Asia, Africa and Latin America are infected. Giardia exerts a deep impact on public health because of high prevalence and possible effects on growth and cognitive functions in infected children. The major aim of this study was to detect and genetically characterize G. duodenalis in both human and animal fecal samples collected in Pemba Island, in the archipelago of Zanzibar (Tanzania), in order to deepen the knowledge of genotypes of Giardia in this area. Between October 2009 and October 2010, we collected 45 human fecal samples from children from 2 primary schools and 60 animal fecal samples: 19 from zebus (Bos primigenius indicus) and 41 from goats (Capra hircus). Detection and genetic identification were performed by multilocus analysis of ssu-rDNA and gdh genes. In humans we found a higher prevalence of assemblage B (sub-assemblage BIV), in goats of assemblage E and in zebus of assemblage A. Our study represents an important contribution to the epidemiological knowledge of G. duodenalis in this area of Tanzania.
V. Di Cristanziano; M. Santoro; F. Parisi; Marco Albonico; M.A. Shaali; D. Di Cave; F. Berrilli. Genetic characterization of Giardia duodenalis by sequence analysis in humans and animals in Pemba Island, Tanzania. Parasitology International 2014, 63, 438 -441.
AMA StyleV. Di Cristanziano, M. Santoro, F. Parisi, Marco Albonico, M.A. Shaali, D. Di Cave, F. Berrilli. Genetic characterization of Giardia duodenalis by sequence analysis in humans and animals in Pemba Island, Tanzania. Parasitology International. 2014; 63 (2):438-441.
Chicago/Turabian StyleV. Di Cristanziano; M. Santoro; F. Parisi; Marco Albonico; M.A. Shaali; D. Di Cave; F. Berrilli. 2014. "Genetic characterization of Giardia duodenalis by sequence analysis in humans and animals in Pemba Island, Tanzania." Parasitology International 63, no. 2: 438-441.