Polyoxometalates (POMs) are a kind of inorganic cluster metal complex with various biological activities, such as anti-Alzheimer's disease, antibacterial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, anti-virus and so on.

Phytochemicals are plant-derived bioactive compounds, which have been widely used for therapeutic purposes. Due to the poor water-solubility, low bioavailability and non-specific targeting characteristic, diverse classes of nanocarriers are utilized for encapsulation and delivery of bio-effective agents. Cell-derived nanovesicles (CDNs), known for exosomes or extracellular vesicles (EVs), are biological nanoparticles with multiple functions. Compared to the artificial counterpart, CDNs hold great potential in drug delivery given the higher stability, superior biocompatibility and the lager capability of encapsulating bioactive molecules. Here, we provide a bench-to-bedside review of CDNs-based nanoplatform, including the bio-origin, preparation, characterization and functionalization. Beyond that, the focus is laid on the therapeutic effect of CDNs-mediated drug delivery for natural products. The state-of-art development as well as some pre-clinical applications of using CDNs for disease treatment is also summarized. It is highly expected that the continuing development of CDNs-based delivery systems will further promote the clinical utilization and translation of phyto-nanomedicines.

• The 2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP), 4-Hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (4-HPEA), and 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (HBA) in pickled radish showed a good affinity for xanthine oxidase (XOD) in the molecular docking results. • DHAP, 4-HPEA and HBA inhibit in vitro XOD enzymatic activity by affecting secondary structure and hydrophobic groups, IC₅₀ were: 1.24 ± 0.02 mM, 24.52 ± 0.8 mM, and 2.67 ± 0.9 µM, respectively. • DHAP, 4-HPEA and HBA reduce xanthine-induced high uric acid levels in BRL 3A cells by inhibiting XOD enzyme activity (p < 0.05).