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The evaluation of electric bike (e-bike) riders’ perception of comfort can lead to a better understanding of user requirements. This can be performed through Level-of-service (LOS) studies. To date, the e-bike LOS (ELOS) concept is scarcely developed and research concerning e-bike travel behaviour characteristics is relatively sparse. In this paper, we use bike LOS (BLOS) studies as a foundation to identify the knowledge gap for ELOS. Along with BLOS, e-bike riding comfort and the distinction between bikes and e-bikes characteristics were scrutinised. Travel behaviour, and e-bike modal substitution research were also reviewed to provide a better picture of e-bike riders’ requirements. Based on these domains, we propose a preliminary conceptual framework for the development of ELOS. The results suggest that there is a limited number of studies that whether explicitly evaluate ELOS or consider the e-bike in the BLOS analysis. Also, the extent of substitution of cars, public transport, and bikes by e-bikes can range from partial to complete replacement, thus potentially affecting ELOS developments. The specification of this substitution contributes to a deeper understanding of the ELOS concept in relation to the adaptation of LOS indices used for other transport modes. Finally, it appears evident that ELOS developments would require further research on e-bike interaction analysis in shared mobility in which vulnerable road users are present. The findings of this study help researchers and policy-makers assessing the knowledge gap in ELOS and provide them a preliminary conceptual framework for ELOS development.
Khashayar Kazemzadeh; Enrico Ronchi. From bike to electric bike level-of-service. Transport Reviews 2021, 1 -26.
AMA StyleKhashayar Kazemzadeh, Enrico Ronchi. From bike to electric bike level-of-service. Transport Reviews. 2021; ():1-26.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhashayar Kazemzadeh; Enrico Ronchi. 2021. "From bike to electric bike level-of-service." Transport Reviews , no. : 1-26.
The emergence of electric bikes (e-bikes) has brought a paradigm shift in shared mobility with a promise to move towards the mission of sustainable cities. Whereas an in-depth understanding of e-bike riding characteristics is crucial to effectively design the infrastructure for active mobility, it remains an open area of research. We take the first step towards modelling the e-bike navigation comfort in pedestrian crowds. Through a laboratory-controlled field experiment, we collect trajectories of e-bike riders under different pedestrian crowding levels in both opposite- (meeting) and same-direction (passing) encounters. For each trajectory, we obtain e-bike speed, e-bike lateral distance, and pedestrian crowding after processing the data obtained from four stationary cameras. Considering the riding comfort as a latent variable, we adopt a Bayesian network to represent the relationship between observed and the latent variables. Subsequently, we use fundamental principles of conditional probability to identify the causal effect of pedestrian crowding on e-bike riding comfort. Controlling for the demographic heterogeneity, we also estimate the relationship between the comfort of an e-bike rider, pedestrian crowding, and her riding characteristics (e.g., speed and lateral distance). The results of this study would guide policymakers in ex-ante evaluations of the infrastructure decisions for active mobility.
Khashayar Kazemzadeh; Prateek Bansal. Electric bike navigation comfort in pedestrian crowds. Sustainable Cities and Society 2021, 69, 102841 .
AMA StyleKhashayar Kazemzadeh, Prateek Bansal. Electric bike navigation comfort in pedestrian crowds. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2021; 69 ():102841.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhashayar Kazemzadeh; Prateek Bansal. 2021. "Electric bike navigation comfort in pedestrian crowds." Sustainable Cities and Society 69, no. : 102841.
The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic affects different domains of society, including the transport system. Due to the impacts of social distancing, research concerning electric bike (e-bike) applications and non(user) health and comfort concerns is needed. This research aims to understand the health and comfort concerns of e-bike (non)users in both pre (PR) and peri (PE) pandemic situations and explore how the PE situation triggers (non)users to use e-bikes. An interpretive description qualitative method in the form of semi-structured interviews was used to gather the empirical material for this research. Twenty-three (non)user participants were interviewed in the PR situation, and 12 of these participants were interviewed again in the PE situation. The comfort provided by the e-bike did not outweigh its cost as a factor for nonusers considering investing in the e-bikes in the PR situation. However, nonusers acknowledged that e-bikes can serve as substitutes for public transport by eliminating social interactions and consequently potential health concerns, in addition to providing comfortable mobility. E-bike users were in agreement concerning physical activity and the health benefits of using e-bikes in the PR situation. Their opinions differed slightly, as women placed less emphasis on the physical activity provided by e-bike use. However, gender opinions converged regarding health concerns about using public transport in PE situations. Infrastructure facilities and e-bike performance are evident as users’ comfort concerns in the PE situation. The results highlight the role of the e-bike in PE situations as a reliable transport mode and suggest that there is considerable potential for e-bikes as substitutes for public transport in the post-pandemic situation. The findings are applicable to e-bike level-of-service studies in order to provide an overview of the user's experience of comfort.
Khashayar Kazemzadeh; Till Koglin. Electric bike (non)users’ health and comfort concerns pre and peri a world pandemic (COVID-19): A qualitative study. Journal of Transport & Health 2021, 20, 101014 .
AMA StyleKhashayar Kazemzadeh, Till Koglin. Electric bike (non)users’ health and comfort concerns pre and peri a world pandemic (COVID-19): A qualitative study. Journal of Transport & Health. 2021; 20 ():101014.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhashayar Kazemzadeh; Till Koglin. 2021. "Electric bike (non)users’ health and comfort concerns pre and peri a world pandemic (COVID-19): A qualitative study." Journal of Transport & Health 20, no. : 101014.
Geospatial information plays an indispensable role in various interdisciplinary and spatially informed analyses. However, the use of geospatial information often entails many semantic intricacies relating to, among other issues, data integration and visualization. For the integration of data from different domains, merely using ontologies is inadequate for handling subtle and complex semantic relations raised by the multiple representations of geospatial data, as the domains have different conceptual views for modelling the geographic space. In addition, for geospatial data visualization—one of the most predominant ways of utilizing geospatial information—semantic intricacies arise as the visualization knowledge is difficult to interpret and utilize by non-geospatial experts. In this paper, we propose a knowledge-based approach using semantic technologies (coupling ontologies, semantic constraints, and semantic rules) to facilitate geospatial data integration and visualization. A traffic spatially informed study is developed as a case study: visualizing urban bicycling suitability. In the case study, we complement ontologies with semantic constraints for cross-domain data integration. In addition, we utilize ontologies and semantic rules to formalize geospatial data analysis and visualization knowledge at different abstraction levels, which enables machines to infer visualization means for geospatial data. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework can effectively handle subtle cross-domain semantic relations for data integration, and empower machines to derive satisfactory visualization results. The approach can facilitate the sharing and outreach of geospatial data and knowledge for various spatially informed studies.
Weiming Huang; Khashayar Kazemzadeh; Ali Mansourian; Lars Harrie. Towards Knowledge-Based Geospatial Data Integration and Visualization: A Case of Visualizing Urban Bicycling Suitability. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 85473 -85489.
AMA StyleWeiming Huang, Khashayar Kazemzadeh, Ali Mansourian, Lars Harrie. Towards Knowledge-Based Geospatial Data Integration and Visualization: A Case of Visualizing Urban Bicycling Suitability. IEEE Access. 2020; 8 (99):85473-85489.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWeiming Huang; Khashayar Kazemzadeh; Ali Mansourian; Lars Harrie. 2020. "Towards Knowledge-Based Geospatial Data Integration and Visualization: A Case of Visualizing Urban Bicycling Suitability." IEEE Access 8, no. 99: 85473-85489.
Research into the bicycle level-of-service (BLOS) has been extensively conducted over the last three decades. This research has mostly focused on user perceptions of comfort to provide guidance for decision-makers and planners. Segments and nodes were studied first, followed by a network evaluation. Besides these investigations, several variables have also been utilized to depict the users’ perspectives within the BLOS field, along with other cycling research domains that simultaneously scrutinized the users’ preferences. This review investigates the variables and indices employed in the BLOS area in relation to the field of bicycle flow and comfort research. Despite general agreement among existing BLOS variables and the adopted indices, several important research gaps remain to be filled. First, BLOS indices are often categorized based on transport components, while scarce attention has been paid to BLOS studies in trip-end facilities such as bicycle parking facilities. The importance of these facilities has been highlighted instead within research related to comfort. Second, the advantages of separated bike facilities have been proven in many studies; however, scarce research has addressed the challenges associated with them (e.g., the heterogeneity within those facilities due to the presence of electric bikes and electric scooters). This issue is clearly noticeable within the research regarding flow studies. Furthermore, network evaluation (in comparison to segment and node indices) has been studied to a lesser extent, whereas issues such as connectivity can be evaluated mainly through a holistic approach to the system. This study takes one step toward demonstrating the importance of the integration of similar research domains in the BLOS field to eliminate the aforementioned shortcomings.
Khashayar Kazemzadeh; Aliaksei Laureshyn; Lena Winslott Hiselius; Enrico Ronchi. Expanding the Scope of the Bicycle Level-of-Service Concept: A Review of the Literature. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2944 .
AMA StyleKhashayar Kazemzadeh, Aliaksei Laureshyn, Lena Winslott Hiselius, Enrico Ronchi. Expanding the Scope of the Bicycle Level-of-Service Concept: A Review of the Literature. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7):2944.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhashayar Kazemzadeh; Aliaksei Laureshyn; Lena Winslott Hiselius; Enrico Ronchi. 2020. "Expanding the Scope of the Bicycle Level-of-Service Concept: A Review of the Literature." Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2944.
This study investigates the influence of pedestrian crowdedness on e-bike navigation behaviour in a controlled field experiment. The dataset includes a total of 1520 trajectories, including 18 pedestrians and one e-bike at a time. Based on the e-bike navigation through the pedestrians, the so-called “hindrance” concept was used to classify the data into two phases: passing (same-direction encounters), meeting (opposite-direction encounters). E-bike speed and its lateral position within the pedestrian crowds have been quantified to compare the passing and meeting phases. The results show that, the e-bike generally maintains an average speed during the meeting phase regardless of pedestrian crowdedness; however, the e-bike slows down in a linear trend when pedestrian crowdedness increases during the passing phase. Furthermore, the e-bike during the meeting phase has less lateral displacement compared to in the passing phase, which could be the consequence of the aforementioned speed and crowdedness relationship. The findings have applications for the e-bike level-of-service studies and also the design of bike tracks and sidewalks when there is mixed traffic of e-bikes and pedestrians.
Khashayar Kazemzadeh; Aliaksei Laureshyn; Enrico Ronchi; Carmelo D'Agostino; Lena Winslott Hiselius. Electric bike navigation behaviour in pedestrian crowds. Travel Behaviour and Society 2020, 20, 114 -121.
AMA StyleKhashayar Kazemzadeh, Aliaksei Laureshyn, Enrico Ronchi, Carmelo D'Agostino, Lena Winslott Hiselius. Electric bike navigation behaviour in pedestrian crowds. Travel Behaviour and Society. 2020; 20 ():114-121.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhashayar Kazemzadeh; Aliaksei Laureshyn; Enrico Ronchi; Carmelo D'Agostino; Lena Winslott Hiselius. 2020. "Electric bike navigation behaviour in pedestrian crowds." Travel Behaviour and Society 20, no. : 114-121.
This study was aimed at comparing cyclists’ perceptions of comfort when in traffic and when online. Questions about comfort were structured according to three hierarchical levels, namely strategic (city level), tactical (frequent route level) and operational (survey spot level). The purpose is to understand how the cyclists’ perceptions of comfort at different levels vary between questionnaire administration methods. The results suggest that cyclists are more positive and optimistic about the cycling comfort when answering online questionnaires than when answering in-traffic questionnaires, but only when the questions refer to the operational level (at a more general level, their answers were not statistically different). Cycling planners and researchers could incorporate these findings in their data collection policies by selecting online approaches, which are generally less expensive than but equally effective as in-traffic approaches, when carrying out studies that concern the strategic and/or tactical levels of comfort.
Khashayar Kazemzadeh; Rosalia Camporeale; Carmelo D’Agostino; Aliaksei Laureshyn; Lena Winslott Hiselius. Same questions, different answers? A hierarchical comparison of cyclists’ perceptions of comfort: in-traffic vs. online approach. Transportation Letters 2020, 1 -9.
AMA StyleKhashayar Kazemzadeh, Rosalia Camporeale, Carmelo D’Agostino, Aliaksei Laureshyn, Lena Winslott Hiselius. Same questions, different answers? A hierarchical comparison of cyclists’ perceptions of comfort: in-traffic vs. online approach. Transportation Letters. 2020; ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhashayar Kazemzadeh; Rosalia Camporeale; Carmelo D’Agostino; Aliaksei Laureshyn; Lena Winslott Hiselius. 2020. "Same questions, different answers? A hierarchical comparison of cyclists’ perceptions of comfort: in-traffic vs. online approach." Transportation Letters , no. : 1-9.