This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
For decades, vaccinations have been used to limit infectious bronchitis (IB) in both the broiler and layer industries. Depending on the geographical area, live attenuated vaccines are used either alone or in combination with inactivated vaccines to control infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infections. It has been shown that administering inactivated vaccines preceded by priming with live attenuated vaccines in pullets protects laying hens against IB. However, the immunological basis of this protective response has not been adequately investigated. The objective of the study was to compare two vaccination strategies adapted by the Canadian poultry industry in terms of their ability to systemically induce an adequate immune response in IBV-impacted tissues in laying hens. The first vaccination strategy (only live attenuated IB vaccines) and second vaccination strategy (live attenuated and inactivated IB vaccines) were applied. Serum anti-IBV antibodies were measured at two time points, i.e., 3 weeks and 10 weeks post last vaccination. The recruitment of T cell subsets (i.e., CD4+ and CD8+ T cells), and the interferon (IFN)-γ mRNA expression were measured at 10 weeks post last vaccination. We observed that vaccination strategy 2 induced significantly higher serum anti-IBV antibody responses that were capable of neutralizing an IBV Mass variant associated with a flock history of shell-less egg production better than a Delmarva (DMV)1639 variant, as well as a significantly higher IFN-γ mRNA expression in the lungs, kidneys, and oviduct. We also observed that both vaccination strategies recruited CD4+ T cells as well as CD8+ T cells to the examined tissues at various extents. Our findings indicate that vaccination strategy 2 induces better systemic and local host responses in laying hens.
Sabrina Buharideen; Mohamed Hassan; Shahnas Najimudeen; Dongyan Niu; Markus Czub; Susantha Gomis; Mohamed Abdul-Careem. Immune Responses in Laying Hens after an Infectious Bronchitis Vaccination of Pullets: A Comparison of Two Vaccination Strategies. Vaccines 2021, 9, 531 .
AMA StyleSabrina Buharideen, Mohamed Hassan, Shahnas Najimudeen, Dongyan Niu, Markus Czub, Susantha Gomis, Mohamed Abdul-Careem. Immune Responses in Laying Hens after an Infectious Bronchitis Vaccination of Pullets: A Comparison of Two Vaccination Strategies. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (5):531.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSabrina Buharideen; Mohamed Hassan; Shahnas Najimudeen; Dongyan Niu; Markus Czub; Susantha Gomis; Mohamed Abdul-Careem. 2021. "Immune Responses in Laying Hens after an Infectious Bronchitis Vaccination of Pullets: A Comparison of Two Vaccination Strategies." Vaccines 9, no. 5: 531.
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) initially establishes the infection in the respiratory tract and then spreads to other tissues depending on its virulence. During 2011–2018, the 4/91 IBV strain was isolated from poultry flocks affected by decreased egg production and quality in Eastern Canada. One of the Canadian 4/91 IBV isolates, IBV/Ck/Can/17-038913, was propagated in embryonated chicken eggs and molecularly characterized using whole genome sequencing. An in vivo study in laying hens was conducted to observe if IBV/Ck/Can/17-038913 isolate affects the egg production and quality. Hens were infected with IBV/Ck/Can/17-038913 isolate during the peak of egg lay, using a standard dose and routes maintaining uninfected controls. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were collected at predetermined time points for the quantification of IBV genome loads. At 6 and 10 days post-infection, hens were euthanized to observe the lesions in various organs and collect blood and tissue samples for the quantification of antibody response and IBV genome loads, respectively. Egg production was not impacted during the first 10 days following infection. No gross lesions were observed in the tissues of the infected birds. The IBV genome was quantified in swabs, trachea, lung, proventriculus, cecal tonsils, kidney, and reproductive tissues. The serum antibody response against IBV was quantified in infected hens. In addition, histological changes, and recruitment of immune cells, such as macrophages and T cell subsets in kidney tissues, were measured. Overall, data show that IBV/Ck/Can/17-038913 isolate is not associated with egg production issues in laying hens infected at the peak of lay, while it demonstrates various tissue tropism, including kidney, where histopathological lesions and immune cell recruitments were evident.
Shahnas Najimudeen; Mohamed Hassan; Dayna Goldsmith; Davor Ojkic; Susan Cork; Martine Boulianne; Mohamed Abdul-Careem. Molecular Characterization of 4/91 Infectious Bronchitis Virus Leading to Studies of Pathogenesis and Host Responses in Laying Hens. Pathogens 2021, 10, 624 .
AMA StyleShahnas Najimudeen, Mohamed Hassan, Dayna Goldsmith, Davor Ojkic, Susan Cork, Martine Boulianne, Mohamed Abdul-Careem. Molecular Characterization of 4/91 Infectious Bronchitis Virus Leading to Studies of Pathogenesis and Host Responses in Laying Hens. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (5):624.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShahnas Najimudeen; Mohamed Hassan; Dayna Goldsmith; Davor Ojkic; Susan Cork; Martine Boulianne; Mohamed Abdul-Careem. 2021. "Molecular Characterization of 4/91 Infectious Bronchitis Virus Leading to Studies of Pathogenesis and Host Responses in Laying Hens." Pathogens 10, no. 5: 624.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an infectious upper respiratory tract disease that impacts the poultry industry worldwide. ILT is caused by an alphaherpesvirus commonly referred to as infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). Vaccination with live attenuated vaccines is practiced regularly for the control of ILT. However, extensive and improper use of live attenuated vaccines is related to vaccine viruses reverting to virulence. An increase in mortality and pathogenicity has been attributed to these vaccine revertant viruses. Recent studies characterized Canadian ILTV strains originating from ILT outbreaks as related to live attenuated vaccine virus revertants. However, information is scarce on the pathogenicity and transmission potential of these Canadian isolates. Hence, in this study, the pathogenicity and transmission potential of two wildtype ILTVs and a chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccine revertant ILTV of Canadian origin were evaluated. To this end, 3-week-old specific pathogen-free chickens were experimentally infected with each of the ILTV isolates and compared to uninfected controls. Additionally, naïve chickens were exposed to the experimentally infected chickens to mimic naturally occurring infection. Pathogenicity of each of these ILTV isolates was evaluated by the severity of clinical signs, weight loss, mortality, and lesions observed at the necropsy. The transmission potential was evaluated by quantification of ILTV genome loads in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and tissue samples of the experimentally infected and contact-exposed chickens, as well as in the capacity to produce ILT in contact-exposed chickens. We observed that the CEO vaccine revertant ILTV isolate induced severe disease in comparison to the two wildtype ILTV isolates used in this study. According to ILTV genome load data, CEO vaccine revertant ILTV isolate was successfully transmitted to naïve contact-exposed chickens in comparison to the tested wildtype ILTV isolates. Overall, the Canadian origin CEO vaccine revertant ILTV isolate possesses higher virulence, and dissemination potential, when compared to the wildtype ILTV isolates used in this study. These findings have serious implications in ILT control in chickens.
Ana Perez-Contreras; Catalina Barboza-Solis; Shahnas Najimudeen; Sylvia Checkley; Frank Meer; Tomy Joseph; Robin King; Madhu Ravi; Delores Peters; Kevin Fonseca; Carl Gagnon; Davor Ojkic; Mohamed Abdul-Careem. Pathogenic and Transmission Potential of Wildtype and Chicken Embryo Origin (CEO) Vaccine Revertant Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus. Viruses 2021, 13, 541 .
AMA StyleAna Perez-Contreras, Catalina Barboza-Solis, Shahnas Najimudeen, Sylvia Checkley, Frank Meer, Tomy Joseph, Robin King, Madhu Ravi, Delores Peters, Kevin Fonseca, Carl Gagnon, Davor Ojkic, Mohamed Abdul-Careem. Pathogenic and Transmission Potential of Wildtype and Chicken Embryo Origin (CEO) Vaccine Revertant Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus. Viruses. 2021; 13 (4):541.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Perez-Contreras; Catalina Barboza-Solis; Shahnas Najimudeen; Sylvia Checkley; Frank Meer; Tomy Joseph; Robin King; Madhu Ravi; Delores Peters; Kevin Fonseca; Carl Gagnon; Davor Ojkic; Mohamed Abdul-Careem. 2021. "Pathogenic and Transmission Potential of Wildtype and Chicken Embryo Origin (CEO) Vaccine Revertant Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus." Viruses 13, no. 4: 541.
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is a herpes virus that causes an acute respiratory disease of poultry known as infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). Chicken embryo origin (CEO) and tissue culture origin (TCO) live attenuated vaccines are routinely used for the control of ILT. However, vaccine virus is known to revert to virulence, and it has been recently shown that ILT field viral strains can undergo recombination with vaccinal ILTV and such recombinant ILT viruses possess greater transmission and pathogenicity potential. Based on complete or partial genes of the ILTV genome, few studies genotyped ILTV strains circulating in Canada, and so far, information is scarce on whole-genome sequencing or the presence of recombination in Canadian ILTV isolates. The objective of this study was to genetically characterize the 14 ILTV isolates that originated from three provinces in Canada (Alberta, British Columbia and Quebec). To this end, a phylogenetic analysis of 50 ILTV complete genome sequences, including 14 sequences of Canadian origin, was carried out. Additional phylogenetic analysis of the unique long, unique short and inverted repeat regions of the ILTV genome was also performed. We observed that 71%, 21% and 7% of the ILTV isolates were categorized as CEO revertant, wild-type and TCO vaccine-related, respectively. The sequences were also analyzed for potential recombination events, which included evidence in the British Columbia ILTV isolate. This event involved two ILTV vaccine (CEO) strains as parental strains. Recombination analysis also identified that one ILTV isolate from Alberta as a potential parental strain for a United States origin ILTV isolate. The positions of the possible recombination breakpoints were identified. These results indicate that the ILTV wild-type strains can recombine with vaccinal strains complicating vaccine-mediated control of ILT. Further studies on the pathogenicity of these ILTV strains, including the recombinant ILTV isolate are currently ongoing.
Ana Perez Contreras; Frank Van Der Meer; Sylvia Checkley; Tomy Joseph; Robin King; Madhu Ravi; Delores Peters; Kevin Fonseca; Carl A. Gagnon; Chantale Provost; Davor Ojkic; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Analysis of Whole-Genome Sequences of Infectious laryngotracheitis Virus Isolates from Poultry Flocks in Canada: Evidence of Recombination. Viruses 2020, 12, 1302 .
AMA StyleAna Perez Contreras, Frank Van Der Meer, Sylvia Checkley, Tomy Joseph, Robin King, Madhu Ravi, Delores Peters, Kevin Fonseca, Carl A. Gagnon, Chantale Provost, Davor Ojkic, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Analysis of Whole-Genome Sequences of Infectious laryngotracheitis Virus Isolates from Poultry Flocks in Canada: Evidence of Recombination. Viruses. 2020; 12 (11):1302.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Perez Contreras; Frank Van Der Meer; Sylvia Checkley; Tomy Joseph; Robin King; Madhu Ravi; Delores Peters; Kevin Fonseca; Carl A. Gagnon; Chantale Provost; Davor Ojkic; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2020. "Analysis of Whole-Genome Sequences of Infectious laryngotracheitis Virus Isolates from Poultry Flocks in Canada: Evidence of Recombination." Viruses 12, no. 11: 1302.
In this study, we aimed to molecularly characterize 14 whole genome sequences of chicken astrovirus (CAstV) isolated from samples obtained from white chick syndrome (WCS) outbreaks in Western Canada during the period of 2014–2019. Genome sequence comparisons showed all these sequences correspond to the novel Biv group from which no confirmed representatives were published in GenBank. Molecular recombination analyses using recombination detection software (i.e., RDP5 and SimPlot) and phylogenetic analyses suggest multiple past recombination events in open reading frame (ORF)1a, ORF1b, and ORF2. Our findings suggest that recombination events and the accumulation of point mutations may have contributed to the substantial genetic variation observed in CAstV and evidenced by the current seven antigenic sub-clusters hitherto described. This is the first paper that describes recombination events in CAstV following analysis of complete CAstV sequences originated in Canada.
Victor Palomino-Tapia; Darko Mitevski; Tom Inglis; Frank Van Der Meer; Emily Martin; Marina Brash; Chantale Provost; Carl A. Gagnon; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV) Molecular Studies Reveal Evidence of Multiple Past Recombination Events in Sequences Originated from Clinical Samples of White Chick Syndrome (WCS) in Western Canada. Viruses 2020, 12, 1096 .
AMA StyleVictor Palomino-Tapia, Darko Mitevski, Tom Inglis, Frank Van Der Meer, Emily Martin, Marina Brash, Chantale Provost, Carl A. Gagnon, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV) Molecular Studies Reveal Evidence of Multiple Past Recombination Events in Sequences Originated from Clinical Samples of White Chick Syndrome (WCS) in Western Canada. Viruses. 2020; 12 (10):1096.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVictor Palomino-Tapia; Darko Mitevski; Tom Inglis; Frank Van Der Meer; Emily Martin; Marina Brash; Chantale Provost; Carl A. Gagnon; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2020. "Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV) Molecular Studies Reveal Evidence of Multiple Past Recombination Events in Sequences Originated from Clinical Samples of White Chick Syndrome (WCS) in Western Canada." Viruses 12, no. 10: 1096.
Eggs are a common source of protein and other nutrient components for people worldwide. Commercial egg-laying birds encounter several challenges during the long production cycle. An efficient egg production process requires a healthy bird with a competent reproductive system. Several viral pathogens that can impact the bird’s health or induce reversible or irreversible lesions in the female reproductive organs adversely interfere with the egg industry. The negative effects exerted by viral diseases create a temporary or permanent decrease in egg production, in addition to the production of low-quality eggs. Several factors including, but not limited to, the age of the bird, and the infecting viral strain and part of reproductive system involved contribute to the form of reproductive disease encountered. Advanced methodologies have successfully elucidated some of the virus–host interactions relevant to the hen’s reproductive performance, however, this branch needs further research. This review discusses the major avian viral infections that have been reported to adversely affect egg productivity and quality and aims to summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the observed negative effects.
Mohamed S. H. Hassan; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Avian Viruses That Impact Table Egg Production. Animals 2020, 10, 1747 .
AMA StyleMohamed S. H. Hassan, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Avian Viruses That Impact Table Egg Production. Animals. 2020; 10 (10):1747.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed S. H. Hassan; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2020. "Avian Viruses That Impact Table Egg Production." Animals 10, no. 10: 1747.
In the early 1930s, infectious bronchitis (IB) was first characterized as a respiratory disease in young chickens; later, the disease was also described in older chickens. The etiology of IB was confirmed later as being due to a coronavirus: the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Being a coronavirus, IBV is subject to constant genome change due to mutation and recombination, with the consequence of changing clinical and pathological manifestations. The potential use of live attenuated vaccines for the control of IBV infection was demonstrated in the early 1950s, but vaccine breaks occurred due to the emergence of new IBV serotypes. Over the years, various IBV genotypes associated with reproductive, renal, gastrointestinal, muscular and immunosuppressive manifestations have emerged. IBV causes considerable economic impacts on global poultry production due to its pathogenesis involving multiple body systems and immune suppression; hence, there is a need to better understand the pathogenesis of infection and the immune response in order to help developing better management strategies. The evolution of new strains of IBV during the last nine decades against vaccine-induced immune response and changing clinical and pathological manifestations emphasize the necessity of the rational development of intervention strategies based on a thorough understanding of IBV interaction with the host.
Shahnas M. Najimudeen; Mohamed S. H. Hassan; Susan C. Cork; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Infection in Chickens: Multiple System Disease with Immune Suppression. Pathogens 2020, 9, 779 .
AMA StyleShahnas M. Najimudeen, Mohamed S. H. Hassan, Susan C. Cork, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Infection in Chickens: Multiple System Disease with Immune Suppression. Pathogens. 2020; 9 (10):779.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShahnas M. Najimudeen; Mohamed S. H. Hassan; Susan C. Cork; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2020. "Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Infection in Chickens: Multiple System Disease with Immune Suppression." Pathogens 9, no. 10: 779.
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) causes an acute upper respiratory disease in chickens called infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). Live attenuated vaccines are effective in disease control; however, they have residual virulence, which makes them able to replicate, cause disease and revert to the original virulent form. Information is scarce on the molecular nature of ILTV that is linked to ILT in Canada. This study aims to determine whether isolates originating from ILT cases in Western Canada are a wild type or vaccine origin. Samples submitted for the diagnosis of ILT between 2009–2018 were obtained from Alberta (AB, n = 46) and British Columbia (BC, n = 9). For genotyping, a Sanger sequencing of open reading frame (ORF) a and b was used. A total of 27 from AB, and 5 from BC samples yielded a fragment of 1751 base pairs (bp). Three of the BC samples classified as group IV (CEO vaccine strains) and 2 as group V (CEO revertant). Of the AB samples, 22 samples clustered with group V, 3 with group VI (wild type), and 2 with group VII, VIII, and IX (wild type). Overall, 17 non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected. Further studies are underway to ascertain the virulence and transmission potential of these isolates.
Catalina Barboza-Solis; Ana Perez Contreras; Victor A. Palomino-Tapia; Tommy Joseph; Robin King; Madhu Ravi; Delores Peters; Kevin Fonseca; Carl A. Gagnon; Frank Van Der Meer; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Genotyping of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Isolates from Western Canadian Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia Based on Partial Open Reading Frame (ORF) a and b. Animals 2020, 10, 1634 .
AMA StyleCatalina Barboza-Solis, Ana Perez Contreras, Victor A. Palomino-Tapia, Tommy Joseph, Robin King, Madhu Ravi, Delores Peters, Kevin Fonseca, Carl A. Gagnon, Frank Van Der Meer, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Genotyping of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Isolates from Western Canadian Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia Based on Partial Open Reading Frame (ORF) a and b. Animals. 2020; 10 (9):1634.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCatalina Barboza-Solis; Ana Perez Contreras; Victor A. Palomino-Tapia; Tommy Joseph; Robin King; Madhu Ravi; Delores Peters; Kevin Fonseca; Carl A. Gagnon; Frank Van Der Meer; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2020. "Genotyping of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Isolates from Western Canadian Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia Based on Partial Open Reading Frame (ORF) a and b." Animals 10, no. 9: 1634.
Hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) is an immunosuppressive adenovirus that causes an acute clinical disease characterized by hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in 4-week-old turkeys and older. Recurrent incidence of secondary infections (e.g., systemic bacterial infections, cellulitis, and elevated mortality), may be associated with the presence of field-type HEV in Canadian turkey farms. We speculate that field-type HEV and vaccine/vaccine-like strains can be differentiated through analysis of the viral genomes, hexon genes, and the specific virulence factors (e.g., ORF1, E3, and fib knob domain). Nine out of sixteen spleens obtained from cases suspected of immunosuppression by HEV were analyzed. The limited data obtained showed that: (1) field-type HEV circulates in many non-vaccinated western Canadian flocks; (2) field-type HEV circulates in vaccinated flocks with increased recurrent bacterial infections; and (3) the existence of novel point mutations in hexon, ORF1, E3, and specially fib knob domains. This is the first publication showing the circulation of wild-type HEV in HEV-vaccinated flocks in Western Canada, and the usefulness of a novel procedure that allows whole genome sequencing of HEV directly from spleens, without passaging in cell culture or passaging in vivo. Further studies focusing more samples are required to confirm our observations and investigate possible vaccination failure.
Victor Palomino-Tapia; Darko Mitevski; Tom Inglis; Frank Van Der Meer; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Molecular Characterization of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (HEV) Obtained from Clinical Samples in Western Canada 2017–2018. Viruses 2020, 12, 941 .
AMA StyleVictor Palomino-Tapia, Darko Mitevski, Tom Inglis, Frank Van Der Meer, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Molecular Characterization of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (HEV) Obtained from Clinical Samples in Western Canada 2017–2018. Viruses. 2020; 12 (9):941.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVictor Palomino-Tapia; Darko Mitevski; Tom Inglis; Frank Van Der Meer; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2020. "Molecular Characterization of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (HEV) Obtained from Clinical Samples in Western Canada 2017–2018." Viruses 12, no. 9: 941.
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 ligand, resiquimod, has been studied as an adjuvant and antiviral agent against several pathogens in chicken. Yet, the effectiveness of resiquimod against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection has not been evaluated. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of resiquimod delivered pre-hatch (in ovo) against IBV infection post-hatch identifying key mechanisms involved in resiquimod driven immune activation. First, we found an upregulation of interleukin (IL)-1β and interferon (IFN)-γ mRNA levels and considerable expansions of macrophage and cluster of differentiation (CD) 8α+ T cell populations in lungs of chicken as early as day one post-hatch, following pre-hatch delivery of resiquimod. Second, we observed that resiquimod was able to act as an adjuvant when resiquimod was delivered pre-hatch along with an inactivated IBV vaccine. Finally, when the resiquimod pretreated one-day-old chickens were infected with IBV, reduction in viral shedding via oral and fecal routes was observed at 3 days post- infection. Overall, this study shows that the pre-hatch delivered resiquimod increases cell-mediated immune responses in lungs with an advantage of reduction in IBV shedding.
Upasama De Silva Senapathi; Mohamed Aboelkhair; Kekungu Puro; Mariam Ali; Aruna Amarasinghe; M. Sarjoon Abdul-Cader; Guido Van Marle; Markus Czub; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. In Ovo Delivered Toll-Like Receptor 7 Ligand, Resiquimod Enhances Host Responses against Infectious Bronchitis Corona Virus (IBV) Infection. Vaccines 2020, 8, 1 .
AMA StyleUpasama De Silva Senapathi, Mohamed Aboelkhair, Kekungu Puro, Mariam Ali, Aruna Amarasinghe, M. Sarjoon Abdul-Cader, Guido Van Marle, Markus Czub, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. In Ovo Delivered Toll-Like Receptor 7 Ligand, Resiquimod Enhances Host Responses against Infectious Bronchitis Corona Virus (IBV) Infection. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUpasama De Silva Senapathi; Mohamed Aboelkhair; Kekungu Puro; Mariam Ali; Aruna Amarasinghe; M. Sarjoon Abdul-Cader; Guido Van Marle; Markus Czub; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2020. "In Ovo Delivered Toll-Like Receptor 7 Ligand, Resiquimod Enhances Host Responses against Infectious Bronchitis Corona Virus (IBV) Infection." Vaccines 8, no. 2: 1.
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection in chickens can lead to an economically important disease, namely, infectious bronchitis (IB). New IBV variants are continuously emerging, which complicates vaccination-based IB control. In this study, five IBVs were isolated from clinical samples submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Ontario, Canada, and subjected to detailed molecular characterization. Analysis of the spike (S)1 gene showed that these five IBVs were highly related to the Delmarva (DMV/1639) strain (~97.0% nucleotide sequence similarity) that was firstly isolated from an IB outbreak in the Delmarva peninsula, United States of America (USA), in 2011. However, the complete genomic sequence analysis showed a 93.5–93.7% similarity with the Connecticut (Conn) vaccine strain, suggesting that Conn-like viruses contributed to the evolution of the five Canadian IBV/DMV isolates. A SimPlot analysis of the complete genomic sequence showed evidence of recombination for at least three different IBV strains, including a Conn vaccine-like strain, a 4/91 vaccine-like strain, and one strain that is yet-unidentified. The unidentified strain may have contributed the genomic regions of the S, 3, and membrane (M) genes of the five Canadian IBV/DMV isolates. The study outcomes add to the existing knowledge about involvement of recombination in IBV evolution.
Mohamed S. H. Hassan; Davor Ojkic; Carla S. Coffin; Susan C. Cork; Frank Van Der Meer; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Delmarva (DMV/1639) Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Variants Isolated in Eastern Canada Show Evidence of Recombination. Viruses 2019, 11, 1054 .
AMA StyleMohamed S. H. Hassan, Davor Ojkic, Carla S. Coffin, Susan C. Cork, Frank Van Der Meer, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Delmarva (DMV/1639) Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Variants Isolated in Eastern Canada Show Evidence of Recombination. Viruses. 2019; 11 (11):1054.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed S. H. Hassan; Davor Ojkic; Carla S. Coffin; Susan C. Cork; Frank Van Der Meer; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2019. "Delmarva (DMV/1639) Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Variants Isolated in Eastern Canada Show Evidence of Recombination." Viruses 11, no. 11: 1054.
Single stranded ribonucleic acid (ssRNA) binds to toll-like receptor (TLR)7 leading to recruitment of immune cells and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which has been shown in mammals. In chickens, synthetic ssRNA analog, resiquimod, has been shown to elicit antiviral response against infectious bursal disease virus infection. The objective of this study was to determine the innate host responses activated by the pre-hatch in ovo administration of resiquimod against infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) infection in chickens post-hatch. First, we observed that in ovo treatment of resiquimod at embryo day (ED) 18 increases macrophage recruitment in respiratory and gastrointestinal tissues of chicken day 1 post-hatch in addition to interleukin (IL)-1β in lungs. Second, we observed that in ovo treatment of resiquimod reduces ILTV cloacal shedding at 7 days post-infection (dpi) when challenged at day 1 post-hatch coinciding with higher macrophage recruitment. In vitro, we found that resiquimod enhances production of nitric oxide (NO) and IL-1β and not type 1 interferon (IFN) activity in avian macrophages. Although, the antiviral response against ILTV is associated with the enhanced innate immune response, it is not dependent on any of the innate immune mediators observed as has been shown in vitro using avian macrophage. This study provides insights into the mechanisms of antiviral response mediated by resiquimod, particularly against ILTV infection in chicken.
Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader; Upasama De Silva Senapathi; Hanaa Ahmed-Hassan; Shayan Sharif; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Single stranded (ss)RNA-mediated antiviral response against infectious laryngotracheitis virus infection. BMC Microbiology 2019, 19, 1 -14.
AMA StyleMohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader, Upasama De Silva Senapathi, Hanaa Ahmed-Hassan, Shayan Sharif, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Single stranded (ss)RNA-mediated antiviral response against infectious laryngotracheitis virus infection. BMC Microbiology. 2019; 19 (1):1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader; Upasama De Silva Senapathi; Hanaa Ahmed-Hassan; Shayan Sharif; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2019. "Single stranded (ss)RNA-mediated antiviral response against infectious laryngotracheitis virus infection." BMC Microbiology 19, no. 1: 1-14.
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in chickens. There are numerous serotypes and variants, which do not confer cross protection resulting in failure of currently used IBV vaccines. Although variant IBV isolates with major genetic differences have been subjected to comparative studies, it is unknown whether minor genetic differences in IBV variants within a serotype are different in terms of pathogenesis and eliciting host responses. Two Massachusetts (Mass) variant IBV isolates recovered from commercial layer flocks in the Western Canadian provinces of Alberta (AB) and Saskatchewan (SK) were compared genetically and evaluated for their pathogenicity, tissue distribution and ability to recruit and replicate in macrophages. Although whole genome sequencing of these two Mass IBV isolates showed low similarity with the M41 vaccinal strain, they had an identical nucleotide sequence at open reading frames (ORFs) 3a, 3b, envelop (E), matrix (M), 5a and 5b. The rest of the ORFs of these 2 IBV isolates showed 99.9% nucleotide similarity. However, upon experimental infection, we found that the IBV isolate originating from AB was different to the one that originated in SK due to higher tracheal lesion scores and lower lung viral replication and lower genome loads in cecal tonsils. Nevertheless, both IBV isolates elicited host responses characterized by significant macrophage recruitment to the respiratory tract and there was evidence that both IBV isolates replicated within tracheal and lung macrophages. Overall, this study shows that Mass variant IBV isolates, although possessing minor genetic variations, can lead to significant differences in pathogenicity in young chickens. Further studies are required to investigate the pathogenicity of these two Mass variant IBV isolates in laying hens.
Aruna Amarasinghe; Upasama De Silva Senapathi; Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader; Shelly Popowich; Frank Marshall; Susan C. Cork; Frank Van Der Meer; Susantha Gomis; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Comparative features of infections of two Massachusetts (Mass) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants isolated from Western Canadian layer flocks. BMC Veterinary Research 2018, 14, 1 -12.
AMA StyleAruna Amarasinghe, Upasama De Silva Senapathi, Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader, Shelly Popowich, Frank Marshall, Susan C. Cork, Frank Van Der Meer, Susantha Gomis, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Comparative features of infections of two Massachusetts (Mass) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants isolated from Western Canadian layer flocks. BMC Veterinary Research. 2018; 14 (1):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAruna Amarasinghe; Upasama De Silva Senapathi; Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader; Shelly Popowich; Frank Marshall; Susan C. Cork; Frank Van Der Meer; Susantha Gomis; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2018. "Comparative features of infections of two Massachusetts (Mass) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants isolated from Western Canadian layer flocks." BMC Veterinary Research 14, no. 1: 1-12.
Single stranded ribonucleic acid (ssRNA) binds to toll-like receptor (TLR)7 leading to recruitment of immune cells and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which has been shown in mammals. In chickens, ssRNA has been shown to elicit antiviral response against infectious bursal disease virus infection. The objectives of this study were to determine the pro-inflammatory mediators that are activated downstream of TLR7 signaling pathway in avian macrophages and their roles in antiviral response against avian influenza virus (AIV) infection. In this study, first, we stimulated avian macrophages with the analog of ssRNA, resiquimod, and found that the ssRNA was capable of increasing nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin (IL-1β) production in avian macrophages. Second, we observed when the avian macrophages were stimulated with ssRNA, it elicits an antiviral response against AIV. Finally, we demonstrated that when we blocked the IL-1β response using IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and the NO production using a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), N-([3-(aminomethyl)phenyl]methyl)ethanimidamide dihydrochloride (1400 W), the antiviral response against AIV is attributable to IL-1β production and not to the NO production. This study provides insights into the mechanisms of antiviral response mediated by ssRNA, particularly against AIV infection.
Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader; Upasama De Silva Senapathi; Eva Nagy; Shayan Sharif; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Antiviral response elicited against avian influenza virus infection following activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)7 signaling pathway is attributable to interleukin (IL)-1β production. BMC Research Notes 2018, 11, 859 .
AMA StyleMohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader, Upasama De Silva Senapathi, Eva Nagy, Shayan Sharif, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Antiviral response elicited against avian influenza virus infection following activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)7 signaling pathway is attributable to interleukin (IL)-1β production. BMC Research Notes. 2018; 11 (1):859.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader; Upasama De Silva Senapathi; Eva Nagy; Shayan Sharif; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2018. "Antiviral response elicited against avian influenza virus infection following activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)7 signaling pathway is attributable to interleukin (IL)-1β production." BMC Research Notes 11, no. 1: 859.
The in ovo delivery of cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) protects chickens against many bacterial and viral infections, by activating the toll-like receptor (TLR)21 signaling pathway. Although the delivery of CpG ODNs in ovo at embryo day (ED) 18 has been shown to reduce infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) loads in embryonic chicken lungs pre-hatch, whether in ovo delivered CpG ODNs are capable of protecting chickens against a post-hatch challenge is unknown. Thus, our objectives were to determine the protective effect of the in ovo delivery of CpG ODNs at ED 18 against IBV infection encountered post-hatch and, then, to investigate the mechanisms of protection. We found significantly higher survival rates and reduced IBV infection in the chickens following the pre-treatment of the ED 18 eggs with CpG ODNs. At 3 days post infection (dpi), we found an increased recruitment of macrophages, cluster of differentiation (CD)8α+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes, and an up-regulation of interferon (IFN)-γ mRNA in the respiratory tract of the chickens. Overall, it may be inferred that CpG ODNs, when delivered in ovo, provide protection against IBV infection induced morbidity and mortality with an enhanced immune response.
Upasama De Silva Senapathi; Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader; Aruna Amarasinghe; Guido Van Marle; Markus Czub; Susantha Gomis; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. The In Ovo Delivery of CpG Oligonucleotides Protects against Infectious Bronchitis with the Recruitment of Immune Cells into the Respiratory Tract of Chickens. Viruses 2018, 10, 635 .
AMA StyleUpasama De Silva Senapathi, Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader, Aruna Amarasinghe, Guido Van Marle, Markus Czub, Susantha Gomis, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. The In Ovo Delivery of CpG Oligonucleotides Protects against Infectious Bronchitis with the Recruitment of Immune Cells into the Respiratory Tract of Chickens. Viruses. 2018; 10 (11):635.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUpasama De Silva Senapathi; Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader; Aruna Amarasinghe; Guido Van Marle; Markus Czub; Susantha Gomis; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2018. "The In Ovo Delivery of CpG Oligonucleotides Protects against Infectious Bronchitis with the Recruitment of Immune Cells into the Respiratory Tract of Chickens." Viruses 10, no. 11: 635.
Marek's Disease Virus (MDV) is the causative agent of a lymphoproliferative disease, Marek's disease (MD) in chickens. MD is only controlled by mass vaccination; however, immunity induced by MD vaccines is unable to prevent MDV replication and transmission. The herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) vaccine is one of the most widely used MD vaccines in poultry industry. Vaccines can be adjuvanted with Toll-like receptor ligands (TLR-Ls) to enhance their efficacy. In this study, we examined whether combining TLR-Ls with HVT can boost host immunity against MD and improve its efficacy. Results demonstrated that HVT alone or HVT combined with encapsulated CpG-ODN partially protected chickens from tumor incidence and reduced virus replication compared to the control group. However, encapsulated CpG-ODN only moderately, but not significantly, improved HVT efficacy and reduced tumor incidence from 53% to 33%. Further investigation of cytokine gene profiles in spleen and bursa of Fabricius revealed an inverse association between interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-18 expression and protection conferred by different treatments. In addition, the results of this study raise the possibility that interferon (IFN)-β and IFN-γ induced by the treatments may exert anti-viral responses against MDV replication in the bursa of Fabricius at early stage of MDV infection in chickens.
Jegarubee Bavananthasivam; Leah Read; Jake Astill; Alexander Yitbarek; Tamiru N. Alkie; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem; Sarah K. Wootton; Shahriar Behboudi; Shayan Sharif. The effects of in ovo administration of encapsulated Toll-like receptor 21 ligand as an adjuvant with Marek’s disease vaccine. Scientific Reports 2018, 8, 16370 .
AMA StyleJegarubee Bavananthasivam, Leah Read, Jake Astill, Alexander Yitbarek, Tamiru N. Alkie, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem, Sarah K. Wootton, Shahriar Behboudi, Shayan Sharif. The effects of in ovo administration of encapsulated Toll-like receptor 21 ligand as an adjuvant with Marek’s disease vaccine. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8 (1):16370.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJegarubee Bavananthasivam; Leah Read; Jake Astill; Alexander Yitbarek; Tamiru N. Alkie; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem; Sarah K. Wootton; Shahriar Behboudi; Shayan Sharif. 2018. "The effects of in ovo administration of encapsulated Toll-like receptor 21 ligand as an adjuvant with Marek’s disease vaccine." Scientific Reports 8, no. 1: 16370.
A disease with a sudden drop in egg production and shell-less eggs called, shell-less egg syndrome (SES) has been observed in Western Canada egg layer flocks since 2010. The etiology of this disease is not known. We hypothesize that SES is caused by an infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain since it is known that IBV replicates in the shell gland causing various eggshell abnormalities. In this study, we screened egg layer flocks, in the provinces of Alberta (AB) and Saskatchewan (SK), with and without a history of SES for the presence of IBV infection. During 2015–2016, a total of 27 egg layer flocks were screened in AB (n = 7) and SK (n = 20). Eighty-one percent of the screened flocks (n = 22) were positive for IBV infection. Thirty of these isolates were successfully characterized using molecular tools targeting the most variable spike (S) 1 gene. IBV isolates from this study clustered into three genotypes based on partial S1 gene variability. The majority of the IBV isolates (70%) were Massachusetts (Mass) type, and the rest were either Connecticut (Conn) type or an uncharacterized genotype with genetic characteristics of Mass and Conn types. Since the majority of the IBV isolates included within the Mass type, we used a Mass type IBV isolate to reproduce SES in specific pathogen free (SPF) white leghorn chickens in lay. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether other IBV isolates can cause SES, to clarify the pathogenesis of SES and to develop a vaccine in order to prevent SES as observed in Western Canadian layer flocks.
Aruna Amarasinghe; Shelly Popowich; Upasama De Silva Senapathi; Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader; Frank Marshall; Frank Van Der Meer; Susan C. Cork; Susantha Gomis; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Shell-Less Egg Syndrome (SES) Widespread in Western Canadian Layer Operations Is Linked to a Massachusetts (Mass) Type Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Isolate. Viruses 2018, 10, 437 .
AMA StyleAruna Amarasinghe, Shelly Popowich, Upasama De Silva Senapathi, Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader, Frank Marshall, Frank Van Der Meer, Susan C. Cork, Susantha Gomis, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Shell-Less Egg Syndrome (SES) Widespread in Western Canadian Layer Operations Is Linked to a Massachusetts (Mass) Type Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Isolate. Viruses. 2018; 10 (8):437.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAruna Amarasinghe; Shelly Popowich; Upasama De Silva Senapathi; Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader; Frank Marshall; Frank Van Der Meer; Susan C. Cork; Susantha Gomis; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2018. "Shell-Less Egg Syndrome (SES) Widespread in Western Canadian Layer Operations Is Linked to a Massachusetts (Mass) Type Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Isolate." Viruses 10, no. 8: 437.
Engagement of toll-like receptor (TLR)4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with TLR4 in mammals activates two downstream intracellular signaling routes; the myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MyD)88 dependent and independent pathways. However, existence of the later pathway leading to production of type I interferons (IFNs) in avian species has been debated due to conflicting observations. The objective of our study was to investigate whether LPS induces type I IFN production in chicken macrophages leading to antiviral response attributable to type I IFN production. We found that LPS elicits type I IFN response dominated by IFN-β production. We also found that reduction in infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) replication by LPS-mediated antiviral response is attributable to type I IFNs in addition to nitric oxide (NO). Our findings imply that LPS elicits both MyD88 dependent and independent pathways in chicken macrophages consequently eliciting anti-ILTV response attributable to production of both type I IFNs and NO.
Hanaa Ahmed-Hassan; Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader; Maha Ahmed Sabry; Eman Hamza; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 signalling induces myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MYD) 88 independent pathway in avian species leading to type I interferon production and antiviral response. Virus Research 2018, 256, 107 -116.
AMA StyleHanaa Ahmed-Hassan, Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader, Maha Ahmed Sabry, Eman Hamza, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 signalling induces myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MYD) 88 independent pathway in avian species leading to type I interferon production and antiviral response. Virus Research. 2018; 256 ():107-116.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanaa Ahmed-Hassan; Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader; Maha Ahmed Sabry; Eman Hamza; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2018. "Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 signalling induces myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MYD) 88 independent pathway in avian species leading to type I interferon production and antiviral response." Virus Research 256, no. : 107-116.
Viral Arthritis (VA), a disease caused by Avian Reovirus (ARV), has emerged as a significant cause of economic losses in broiler chicken flocks in Western Canada. These outbreaks were characterized by 4–13% morbidity, followed by a spike in mortality/culling that in extreme cases required total flock depopulation. From 2012–2017, 38 ARV isolates were recovered. Molecular characterization of a partial segment of the sigma (σ)C gene shows all six previously known ARV clusters in Western Canadian broiler chickens. The most numerous clusters were Cluster#4 and Cluster #5 while the most variable clusters were Cluster#1 (76.7–100% identity), Cluster#2 (66–99.3%), and Cluster#4 (62–100%). This variation suggests that an autogenous vaccine may not protect against a same-cluster challenge virus. This is the first publication showing the wide genetic diversity of ARV Cluster#4, the circulation of all six worldwide reported ARV clusters in Canada, and important differences in ARV Cluster classification among researchers.
Victor Palomino-Tapia; Darko Mitevski; Tom Inglis; Frank van der Meer; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Molecular characterization of emerging avian reovirus variants isolated from viral arthritis cases in Western Canada 2012–2017 based on partial sigma (σ)C gene. Virology 2018, 522, 138 -146.
AMA StyleVictor Palomino-Tapia, Darko Mitevski, Tom Inglis, Frank van der Meer, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Molecular characterization of emerging avian reovirus variants isolated from viral arthritis cases in Western Canada 2012–2017 based on partial sigma (σ)C gene. Virology. 2018; 522 ():138-146.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVictor Palomino-Tapia; Darko Mitevski; Tom Inglis; Frank van der Meer; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2018. "Molecular characterization of emerging avian reovirus variants isolated from viral arthritis cases in Western Canada 2012–2017 based on partial sigma (σ)C gene." Virology 522, no. : 138-146.
Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 signaling pathway is known to induce type 1 interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory mediators leading to antiviral response against many viral infections. Double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) has been shown to act as a ligand for TLR3 and, as such, has been a focus as a potential antiviral agent in many host-viral infection models. Yet, its effectiveness and involved mechanisms as a mediator against low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) have not been investigated adequately. In this study, we used avian fibroblasts to verify whether dsRNA induces antiviral response against H4N6 LPAIV and clarify whether type 1 IFNs and proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1β are contributing to the dsRNA-mediated antiviral response against H4N6 LPAIV. We found that dsRNA induces antiviral response in avian fibroblasts against H4N6 LPAIV infection. The treatment of avian fibroblasts with dsRNA increases the expressions of TLR3, IFN-α, IFN-β, and IL-1β. We also confirmed that this antiviral response elicited against H4N6 LPAIV infection correlates, but is not attributable to type 1 IFNs or IL-1β. Our findings imply that the TLR3 ligand, dsRNA, can elicit antiviral response in avian fibroblasts against LPAIV infection, highlighting potential value of dsRNA as an antiviral agent against LPAIV infections. However, further investigations are required to determine the potential role of other innate immune mediators or combination of the tested cytokines in the dsRNA-mediated antiviral response against H4N6 LPAIV infection.
Hanaa Ahmed-Hassan; Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader; Maha Ahmed Sabry; Eman Hamza; Shayan Sharif; Eva Nagy; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid-Mediated Antiviral Response Against Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection. Viral Immunology 2018, 31, 433 -446.
AMA StyleHanaa Ahmed-Hassan, Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader, Maha Ahmed Sabry, Eman Hamza, Shayan Sharif, Eva Nagy, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid-Mediated Antiviral Response Against Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection. Viral Immunology. 2018; 31 (6):433-446.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanaa Ahmed-Hassan; Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader; Maha Ahmed Sabry; Eman Hamza; Shayan Sharif; Eva Nagy; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem. 2018. "Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid-Mediated Antiviral Response Against Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection." Viral Immunology 31, no. 6: 433-446.