Nanoparticles (NPs) have been increasingly studied for radiosensitization. The principle of NPs radio-enhancement is to use high-atomic number NPs (e.g. gold, hafnium, bismuth and gadolinium) or deliver radiosensitizing substances, such as cisplatin and selenium. Nowadays, cancer immunotherapy is emerged as a promising treatment and immune checkpoint regulation has a potential property to improve clinical outcomes in cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, NPs have been served as an ideal platform for immunomodulator system delivery. Owing to enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, modified-NPs increase the targeting and retention of antibodies in target cells. The purpose of this review is to highlight the latest progress of nanotechnology in radiotherapy (RT) and immunotherapy, as well as combining these three strategies in cancer treatment. Overall, nanomedicine as an effective strategy for RT can significantly enhance the outcome of immunotherapy response and might be beneficial for clinical transformation.

Background: Chemokines are implicated in tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration. Development of ovarian cancer involves heterologous cells together with the adjacent microenvironment. Nonetheless, our understanding of the chemokine-related TME characteristics in ovarian cancer remains obscure.Methods: In this large-scale multi-platform study of 10 microarray datasets consisting of 1,673 ovarian cancer patients, we comprehensively evaluated CXCL10 and CXCL9 expression risk classifications for predicting overall survival (OS) and TME immune characteristics. The cross-validation between a standard cohort (TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas) and three test cohorts (GEO: Gene-Expression Omnibus) was applied. We investigated differences in the biological functions and the underlying mechanisms between high- and low-risk classifications.Results: We identified that evaluation of CXCL10 expression could predict the tumor development, immune cell infiltration, TME signature, genetic alteration, and patient prognosis in ovarian cancer. Low-risk classification was characterized by high CXCL10 expression and prolonged prognosis, which was positively associated with specific immune cell infiltration (i.e., T cells, DCs, aDC, and Th2 cells) and TME immune-relevant signatures. Meanwhile, the high-risk classification was defined by lower CXCL10/CXCL9 expression and relevant poor prognosis and immune infiltrations. The CXCL10-based low-risk classification was also linked to antitumor biological function of specific immune gene sets, such as IL2-STAT5 signaling. Additionally, a mutational pattern featured by enrichment of C > T transition was further identified to be associated with immune cell infiltration.Conclusions: This work proposed a promising biomarker for evaluating TME immune characteristics and clinical outcomes in patients with ovarian cancer. Estimation of CXCL10 risk pattern sheds a novel insight on ovarian cancer TME immune characteristics and provides strategies for ovarian cancer immunotherapy.

The next-generation immunotherapy can only be effective if researchers have an in-depth understanding of the function and regulation of Treg cells in antitumor immunity combined with the discovery of new immunity targets. This can enhance clinical efficacy of future and novel therapies and reduces any adverse reactions arising from the latter. This review discusses tumor treatment strategies using regulatory T (Treg) cell therapy in a Tumor Microenvironment (TME). It also discusses factors affecting TME instability as well as relevant treatments to prevent future immune disorders. It is prognosticated that PD-1 inhibitors are risky and their adverse effects should be taken into account when they are administered to treat Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), lung adenocarcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma. In contrast, Treg molecular markers FoxP3 and CD25 analyzed here have stronger expression in almost all kinds of cancers compared with normal people. However, CD25 inhibitors are more effective compared to FoxP3 inhibitors, especially in combination with TGF-β blockade, in predicting patient survival. According to the data obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas, we then concentrate on AML immunotherapy and discuss different therapeutic strategies including anti-CD25/IL-2, anti-CTLA-4, anti-IDO, antityrosine kinase receptor, and anti-PI3K therapies and highlight the recent advances and clinical achievements in AML immunotherapy. In order to prognosticate the risk and adverse effects of key target inhibitors (namely against CTLA-4, FoxP3, CD25, and PD-1), we finally analyzed and compared the Cancer Genome Atlas derived from ten common cancers. This review shows that Treg cells are strongly increased in AML and the comparative review of key markers shows that Tregbased immunotherapy is not effective for all kinds of cancer. Therefore, blocking CD25(+)FoxP3(+) Treg cells is suggested in AML more than other kinds of cancer; meanwhile, Treg markers studied in other cancers have also great lessons for AML immunotherapy.