A proper choice of a proposal distribution for Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, for example for the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, is well known to be a crucia...

The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) flies on NASA's Earth Observing System AURA satellite, launched in July 2004. OMI is an ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) nadir solar backscatter spectrometer, which provides nearly global coverage in one day, with a spatial resolution of 13 km/spl times/24 km. Trace gases measured include O/sub 3/, NO/sub 2/, SO/sub 2/, HCHO, BrO, and OClO. In addition OMI measures aerosol characteristics, cloud top heights and cloud coverage, and UV irradiance at the surface. OMI's unique capabilities for measuring important trace gases with daily global coverage and a small footprint will make a major contribution to our understanding of stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry and climate change along with Aura's other three instruments. OMI's high spatial resolution enables detection of air pollution at urban scales. Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer and differential optical absorption spectroscopy heritage algorithms, as well as new ones developed by the international (Dutch, Finnish, and U.S.) OMI science team, are used to derive OMI's advanced backscatter data products. In addition to providing data for Aura's prime objectives, OMI will provide near-real-time data for operational agencies in Europe and the U.S. Examples of OMI's unique capabilities are presented in this paper.

This overview paper highlights the successes of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on board the Aura satellite spanning a period of nearly 14 years. Data from OMI has been used in a wide range of applications and research resulting in many new findings. Due to its unprecedented spatial resolution, in combination with daily global coverage, OMI plays a unique role in measuring trace gases important for the ozone layer, air quality, and climate change. With the operational very fast delivery (VFD; direct readout) and near real-time (NRT) availability of the data, OMI also plays an important role in the development of operational services in the atmospheric chemistry domain.

INTRODUCTION: Earth’s carbon cycle involves large fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO₂) between the atmosphere, land biosphere, and oceans. Over the past several decades, net loss of CO₂from the atmosphere to the land and oceans has varied considerably from year to year, equaling 20 to 80% of CO₂emissions from fossil fuel combustion and land use change. On average, the uptake is about 50%. The imbalance between CO₂emissions and removal is seen in increasing atmospheric CO₂concentrations. In recent years, an increase of 2 to 3 parts per million (ppm) per year in the atmospheric mole fraction, which is currently about 400 ppm, has been observed.Almost a quarter of the CO₂emitted by human activities is being absorbed by the ocean, and another quarter is absorbed by processes on land. The identity and location of the terrestrial sinks are poorly understood. This absorption has been attributed by some to tropical or Eurasian temperate forests, whereas others argue that these regions may be net sources of CO₂. The efficiency of these land sinks appears to vary dramatically from year to year. Because the identity, location, and processes controlling these natural sinks are not well constrained, substantial additional uncertainty is added to projections of future CO₂levels.RATIONALE: The NASA satellite, the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2), which was launched on 2 July 2014, is designed to collect global measurements with sufficient precision, coverage, and resolution to aid in resolving sources and sinks of CO₂on regional scales. Since 6 September 2014, the OCO-2 mission has been producing about 2 million estimates of the column-averaged CO₂dry-air mole fraction (XCO2) each month after quality screening, with spatial resolution of <3 km²per sounding. Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), a small amount of light emitted during photosynthesis, is detected in remote sensing measurements of radiance within solar Fraunhofer lines and is another data product from OCO-2.RESULTS: The measurements from OCO-2 provide a global view of the seasonal cycles and spatial patterns of atmospheric CO₂, with the anticipated year-over-year growth rate. The buildup of CO₂in the Northern Hemisphere during winter and its rapid decrease in concentration as spring arrives (and the SIF increases) is seen in unprecedented detail. The enhanced CO₂in urban areas relative to nearby background areas is observed with a single overpass of OCO-2. Increases in CO₂due to the biomass burning in Africa are also clearly observed. The dense, global,XCO2and SIF data sets from OCO-2 are combined with other remote sensing data sets and used to disentangle the processes driving the carbon cycle on regional scales during the recent 2015–2016 El Niño event. This analysis shows more carbon release in 2015 relative to 2011 over Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. Now, the fundamental driver for the change in carbon release can be assessed continent by continent, rather than treating the tropics as a single, integrated region. Small changes inXCO2were also observed early in the El Niño over the equatorial eastern Pacific, due to less upwelling of cold, carbon-rich water than is typical.CONCLUSION: NASA’s OCO-2 mission is collecting a dense, global set of high-spectral resolution measurements that are used to estimateXCO2and SIF. The OCO-2 mission data set can now be used to assess regional-scale sources and sinks of CO₂around the globe. The papers in this collection present early scientific findings from this new data set. El Niño impact on carbon flux in 2015 relative to 2011, detected from Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) and OCO-2 data.: OCO-2 uses reflected sunlight to deriveXCO2and SIF. This shows OCO-2XCO2data over North America from 12 August 2015 to 26 August 2015.