Lung cancer continues to be a significant burden worldwide and remains the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality. Two considerable challenges posed by this disease are the diagnosis of 61% of patients in advanced stages and the reduced five-year survival rate of around 4%. Noninvasively collected samples are gaining significant interest as new areas of knowledge are being sought and opened up. Metabolomics is one of these growing areas. In recent years, the use of metabolomics as a resource for the study of lung cancer has been growing. We conducted a systematic review of the literature from the past 10 years in order to identify some metabolites associated with lung cancer. More than 150 metabolites have been associated with lung cancer-altered metabolism. These were detected in different biological samples by different metabolomic analytical platforms. Some of the published results have been consistent, showing the presence/alteration of specific metabolites. However, there is a clear variability due to lack of a full clinical characterization of patients or standardized patients selection. In addition, few published studies have focused on the added value of the metabolomic profile as a means of predicting treatment response for lung cancer. This review reinforces the need for consistent and systematized studies, which will help make it possible to identify metabolic biomarkers and metabolic pathways responsible for the mechanisms that promote tumor progression, relapse and eventually resistance to therapy.