Nanotechnology is rapidly emerging as a transformative force in agriculture, offering innovative solutions to support sustainable crop production. This review examines the interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) and plants, elucidating the underlying mechanisms that govern NP uptake, translocation, and interactions at the cellular level. We explore how NPs influence key physiological processes and modulate plant defense responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses, highlighting their potential for enhancing stress resistance. The diverse applications of NPs in agriculture are also comprehensively surveyed, encompassing targeted delivery of nutrients, enhanced biocontrol of phytopathogens, and engineering improved tolerance to environmental extremes. We also address the broader environmental and socioeconomic implications of the widespread use of NPs in agriculture, critically evaluating their ecotoxicity, impacts on biodiversity, and the associated economic costs and benefits. Finally, we offer a perspective on future directions for research, including emerging trends in NPs synthesis and characterization, challenges to sustainable implementation, and the prospects for large-scale deployment of nanotechnology-enabled agricultural solutions. This review provides a rigorous and balanced assessment of the potential of nanotechnology to revolutionize agricultural practices while acknowledging the need for responsible innovation and risk mitigation.

This study explores the economic benefits and challenges associated with biodegradable waste composting, highlighting its role in promoting sustainability through a circular economy framework. We reviewed the relevant literature and found 160 articles for this study, including the keywords “Biodegradable waste”, “Compost production”, and “Economic Potential”. Considering quality studies, we employed the PRISMA technique to conduct a comprehensive data synthesis and evaluate 89 articles for the final review. Our findings highlight that composting offers significant advantages, including waste reduction, cost savings in waste management, carbon credit, a source of nitrogen, job creation, and reduced reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Further, it supports environmental sustainability by improving soil health, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing landfill use. However, challenges such as high upfront costs, quality control, and market competition with chemical fertilizers remain barriers to widespread adoption. The study extends the literature by emphasizing that the integration of composting into a circular economy can foster innovation, enhance local economies, and contribute to climate change mitigation. Furthermore, it offers a promising pathway for advancing sustainability. Future research should focus on improving composting technologies, optimizing their applications, and developing stronger policy frameworks to ensure the successful implementation of biodegradable waste composting practices.