Using system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation, this study examines how AI adoption, financial inclusion, and operational efficiency affect GDP growth across 89 countries, for the period 2018 - 2023. The results show that GDP growth is positively affected by AI adoption, financial inclusion, quality of governance, and education. Conversely, operational efficiency and systemic financial risk show a negative correlation with economic performance, contrary to common assumption characterizations. These results are robust to a difference GMM approach; additionally, it is revealed that inflation, interest rates and R and D expenditure are bad for GDP indicating that macroeconomic instability, high borrowing cost and inefficient innovation investment hinders growth. Policymakers should promote AI adoption, financial inclusion, good governance, and education while mitigating financial risks, controlling inflation and interest rates, enhancing operational efficiency, and ensuring effective R&D investment to sustain GDP growth and economic stability.

The Fintech scene in Saudi Arabia has witnessed a dramatic growth, recently. It’s expected to shape the future of the financial sector in Saudi Arabia. This study investigates the growth of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as well as the different FinTech payment systems in Saudi Arabia. These include quick payment methods like SARIE transactions, government services payments through SADAD, traditional banking clearing processes, and retail payments at places like stores using Point of Sale (POS) systems. We used an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to see how FinTech influences economic growth, especially in line with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030. The analysis is based on quarterly data, seasonally adjusted, from 2016 to 2024, gathered from the Saudi Central Bank’s reports. The results show that both instant payment systems and POS transactions are becoming more widespread over time. Plus, there is a clear long-term link between these FinTech variables and the overall GDP, emphasizing how FinTech is helping drive economic progress.

In light of Saudi Arabia's economic diversification, this research investigate how Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and technology spillovers can affect firm level productivity. It relies on panel data from 73 non-financial firms listed on the Tadawul Stock Exchange for the period of 2015-2024. Using the GGM method of moments, this study is conducted using a dynamic panel approach. Unit root and cointegration studies demonstrate that there is a consistent long-term connection between productivity, FDI, and various spillover effects. The research indicates that FDI, vertical spillovers, investment in R&D, stability of exchange rates, firm characteristics such as age and size, export intensity or leverage, all have a positive impact on Total Factor Productivity (TFP). The research highlights the distinction between TFP determinants and labor productivity, concluding that horizontal spillovers may enhance technological efficiency, but not overall output per worker. The combination of GMM estimation and cointegration analysis is a reliable method for resource-dependent economies, although alternative methods may be less effective. From a political perspective, the findings emphasize that expanding vertical relationships, building domestic R&D capabilities, and encouraging innovation to foster better utilization of FDI inflows are crucial.

هدفت الدراسة للتعرف على المحددات والمتغيرات الاقتصادية التي تؤثر على سعر الصرف في السودان خلال الفترة (1990 – 2016). استخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في جمع البيانات وتحليلها بالإضافة لاستخدام أساليب الاقتصاد القياسي في بناء النماذج الاقتصادية وتحليل نماذج انحدار السلاسل الزمنية للتحقق من وجود علاقة تكاملية طويلة الأجل بين المتغيرات المستقلة والمتغير التابع. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة وجود علاقة طردية بين الناتج المحلي الإجمالي ودرجة الانفتاح الاقتصادي والتضخم وسعر الصرف خلال سنوات الدراسة، ووجود علاقة عكسية بين عرض النقود وسعر الصرف. أوصت الدراسة بضرورة الابتعاد عن القرارات الإدارية في تحديد سعر الصرف، مع تحقيق مرونة أكبر في سعر الصرف، وزيادة الاهتمام بالتمويل المصرفي للمشروعات التي تؤدي إلى زيادة الإنتاجية وتحسين الناتج المحلي الإجمالي وبالتالي تحسين سعر الصرف عن طريق تشجيع الصادرات المحلية.