Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water in south Bihar, and its quality can potentially affect human health. To accurately anticipate and evaluate water quality, 112 samples of groundwater were collected from Aurangabad, Bihar. Samples were taken from hand pumps and bore/tube wells. Physiochemical quality parameters, namely pH, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, hardness, magnesium, calcium, sulphate, nitrate, chloride, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity were measured and compared to the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS10500:2012). The physicochemical properties of samples were evaluated to determine their water quality index (WQI). Various water quality indicators were examined and correlated with other variables. All statistical analysis was done using RStudio4.1.1 software. On water quality data, the PCA method was employed, and four components with a total variance of 75.66% were extracted. WQI of more than 98% of the samples, either of excellent or good quality. Overall, the groundwater is drinkable. Comprehensive regulation and coordinated groundwater management are needed to protect groundwater quality and to achieve one of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Groundwater contamination is a rising issue worldwide, and it must be treated well as most of the world relies on it. Groundwater pollution occurs when undesirable substances in groundwater rise. Understanding, simulating, and predicting solute mobility in groundwater helps to treat polluted groundwater. MT3DMS has been used to model contaminant movement with a non-linear Freundlich sorption isotherm. MT3DMS stands for “Modular three-dimensional multispecies transport model”. MT3DMS software has several categories of solute transport solution techniques, like FDM and the higher-order finite-volume TVD method, in a unique single code. Applying the combination of these solution techniques is believed to give the best possible solution with greater precision and accuracy. In the current work, the benchmark problem (P2) of the MT3DMS package was taken, and the chemical reaction package was modified according to our problem. Multiple simulations were run with different adsorption capacities and intensities, incorporating the nonlinear Freundlich sorption isotherm. After that analysis of BTC trends, at a position 8 cm from the source, the pulse input of contamination was discharged for 160 s. The simulation lasted 1500 s. The observation output files were imported to plot BTCs for trend analysis and visualize simulation results. After comparing the various BTCs, it was found that the adsorption capability of porous medium enhances retention capacity so contaminants are sorbed and retarded by the solid phase more, slowing the contaminant movement and delaying the BTC peak. For similar adsorption capacity at a lower adsorption intensity, the solid retains more contaminant and the peak is attenuated as well as delayed; but, as the adsorption intensity increases, the relative concentration in the aqueous phase increases, and the peak is enhanced early as the solid retains less contaminant.

This research was to examine water stability and to evaluate the drinking water quality. Groundwater samples from 16 borewells in Aurangabad, Bihar, were taken from the shallow unconfined aquifer and tested for a wide range of physicochemical characteristics. The pH, temperature, TDS, and EC were measured at the sites. Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, F⁻, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, alkalinity, and hardness concentrations were examined in the laboratory. The groundwater’s stability was measured using Corrosiveness Indices including the Langeliar saturation index (LSI), Ryznar stability index (RSI), Puckorius scaling index (PSI), Larson-Skold index (Ls), and Aggressivity index (AI). The data showed that typical values for LSI, RSI, PSI, and LS and AI were −0.92 (±0.47), 9.09 (±0.67), 9.50 (±0.73), 1.73 (±0.78), and 11.05 (±0.48), respectively. Groundwater WQI calculations revealed that 25% of the samples were excellent, 50% were good, 19% were poor, and 6% were extremely poor. All of the water samples tested positively for corrosiveness according to the LSI and PSI indices. Water samples show a strong corrosive potential (87.50% according to RSI) or a low corrosive tendency (12.50% according to RSI). 75% of the water samples have a strong corrosive tendency, 18.50% have a corrosive tendency, and 6.25% have a scaling tendency, according to Ls. According to AI, 93.75% of the water samples had a moderately corrosive tendency, whereas 6.25% were extremely corrosive.