Electric batteries have gained attention with recent developments in the transport sector, especially with electric vehicles (EVs) technology and with the rapid development in the energy storage sector with application to the electricity grid. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are particularly popular due to their high-power density, high energy density, low self-discharge rate, and performance. LIB systems are also widely utilized in extreme operating conditions and harsh environments, and the safe operation of any battery management system requires rapid detection and accurate diagnosis of faults. To have an effective fault diagnosis, the nonlinear behavior of battery systems has been studied in considering the battery real-time operation. In addition, accurate battery models are used to mimic battery physical processes and predict aging. The knowledge of battery model parameters plays a crucial role in accurately predicting performance and ageing. This paper critically reviews different battery models, such as electrochemical models, equivalent circuit models, and data-driven models. Then, the parameter extraction methods for the electrochemical model were discussed critically since it has been identified as the most promising battery model. According to the literature parameter estimation for electrochemical models was discussed under the categories of online, offline, and analytical methods. By the state-of-the-art review conducted, it has been identified that the mixed method that combines the online and offline methods shows good performance compared to using them separately. This paper also discusses some future research directions to obtain better parameter extraction methods for electrochemical models to facilitate battery fault diagnosis.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play a critical role in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and degradation of LIBs influences lifetime, reliability, safety and dependability. The ability to assess and quantify degradation enables assessment of LIB’s true state of health. This paper investigates LIB degradation using a pseudo two-dimensional (P2D) model, particularly focusing on the changes to Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results due to degradation. Three key degradation mechanism are considered and the impact of State-of-Charge (SoC) and temperature on EIS results are discussed. This paper also identifies the need for a more realistic approach to assess degradation. Simulations are conducted considering four repetitive standard drive cycles (viz., HTDDT, HWFET, US06 and OCTBC) for a vehicle travel distance of 150,000 km for each case. The cycle counting method is used to convert partial SoC variations during a drive cycle to an equivalent full cycle count which is then used within the degradation model to modify the parameters to represent the P2D model. This study demonstrates a robust process for analyzing degradation dynamics. The methodology presented here can guide future researchers with experimental data, enabling validation and refinement of model parameters to advance LIB degradation analysis and improve battery life predictions under operational scenarios.

Solar photovoltaic technology is intermittent in nature and employs power converters for grid‐interconnection, which can bring stability and power quality (PQ) issues to the power grid. Therefore, a set of testing guidelines is required to assure that solar plants comply with the grid and inverter requirements. As such, this article presents comprehensive testing guidelines for the interconnection of solar systems into Malaysian power grid, including inverter and PQ tests. The test points, conditions, parameters and acceptable limits for both tests are discussed in detail. This article also presents the results of a case study in which the testing guidelines were applied to examine the PQ of an actual grid‐connected solar photovoltaic plant in Malaysia and to assess the performance of the smart inverter used in the tested solar system. The testing outcomes, which were recorded by a PQ analyser, showed that the tested solar system was in compliance with all the requirements stipulated in the testing guidelines. The findings presented in this article will help relevant parties to understand these solar testing guidelines and serve to promote the wide deployment of solar technology towards a clean and sustainable future.

This paper investigates Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) based Impedance Spectroscopy to assess the state of Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB) Degradation. ECM parameter identification under different ageing mechanisms has been considered. The proposed technique is investigated using reference Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) data obtained via a simulated LIB electrochemical model in the Python PyBAMM package. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) based optimization strategy is used to identify the ECM parameters for different ageing mechanisms with calendar ageing. The results show that the ECM is capable of capturing the LIB dynamics over a wide frequency range in addition to identifying the ECM parameter variations for specific degradation mechanisms.

Electrical vehicles (EV) are a type of vehicle which operates by an electric motor instead of internal combustion. As the demand for EVs are increasing the demand for charging facilities also will be increasing. The research carried out introduces a smart domestic EV charger system with improved functionality while addressing the challenges associated with the implementation of EV charging stations and systems. Minimizing waste of energy, use of sophisticated technology to overcome the application of the old technologies, minimize wastage of time and finally to minimize the environment pollution are achieved using maximum energy management and effective charging with suggested smart charging methods. The mode for EV charging during the off-peak time according to the demand curve and another mode is for EV charging with renewable energy and grid supply is suggested. The smart hybrid charging system will provide the users with a solution to energy crisis and consumption and the time and capital will be saved with an easy, simple, convenient, and reliable operation.