In Botswana, there is limited data available on the health and nutritional status of the San People (also known as the Basarwa or Bushmen), an Indigenous minority group primarily living in the Ghanzi District. Our aim in this study was to assess anemia prevalence among and anthropometric indices of women and young children in Ghanzi District through a cross-sectional survey. We recruited 367 mother–child pairs (women 15–49 years and children 6–59 months) in nine randomly selected areas. A capillary blood sample was collected, and weight and height were measured. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was measured with use of a hemoglobinometer (HemoCue, AB), as per global recommendations. Overall, adjusted anemia prevalence was 12% in non-pregnant women (Hb < 120 g/L), 26% in pregnant women (Hb < 110 g/L), and 42% in children (Hb < 110 g/L), but it varied widely depending on whether or not the controversial factor of ethnicity was adjusted for (range of 6–26%, 22–30%, and 35–68% prevalence, respectively). Thirty-nine percent (n = 133/344) of non-pregnant women and 52% (n = 12/23) of pregnant women were underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m²). In children aged 6–23 months, 41% were underweight (weight-for-age z-score < −2 SD), 13% were wasted (weight-for-height z-score < −2 SD), and 65% were stunted (height-for-age z-score < −2 SD); in children aged 24–59 months, 57% were underweight, 13% were wasted, and 66% were stunted. Fifty-six percent (n = 205/367) of women self-reported smoking in any form (rolled cigarettes or snuffing). The high prevalence of smoking among women, underweight status among pregnant women, and anemia, stunting, and wasting among children is of the highest concern for public health and should be addressed in future health and nutrition programming.

Hunter-gatherer societies, including groups of the San, have occupied a particularly important place in research on child socialization. This is principally because the features of hunter-gatherer societies have been associated with discussions about the nature of human child rearing. However, few studies have empirically analyzed the education and learning that actually occur during the everyday life of the San. To reconsider several of the premises underpinning most approaches to human education and learning, I performed an interaction analysis of the mutual accommodation that occurs while caregivers and infants engage in nursing and “gymnastic” behaviors and the process by which children imitate each other during singing/dancing activities among the G|ui and G||ana (Central Kalahari San) living in Botswana. This analysis clarifies how participants in interactions align and affiliate with each other during culturally distinctive activities. These dynamics serve as a foundation for the education and learning that is inherent in collaboratively organized sequences of interactions, by means of which experienced and inexperienced people participate in social situations, such as those listed above. The approach adopted in this paper also facilitates reconsideration of the individualistic perspectives on ability.

長野県根羽村に中新世に活動した火山群を記載し，根羽火山群と呼び火山活動の復元を行った．火山の山体は侵食によって消滅し，基盤岩に残された火道及び岩脈が多数出現している．基盤岩が熱変質を受けた火道集中域では，火砕岩層が残存するとともに5ヶ所の火道が確認でき，周辺の火砕岩類との関係も含めて3回の噴火サイクルが確認できた．特に，最初期の火山活動によって形成された可能性のある火砕岩層が火道集中域の周辺に残っている．当時の火道集中域は，長径約900 m短径約700 mの範囲にあり，最大の深さ約600 mまで基盤岩を吹き飛ばしたもので，現在はその当時の面が現れている．火道集中域の南東には桧原川断裂帯があって多数の単成火道が直線状に分布し，火道集中域の北東一帯にはいくつかの岩脈が貫入している．

Funerals provide a crucial opportunity not only to conclude an individual’s life publicly but also to reveal and reorganise the social relationships of the people surrounding the deceased. Moreover...