The goal of nanotechnology is to develop new nanoscale components by designing, fabricating, and using materials that are atomically, molecularly, and macromolecular organized. For several decades, there has been an abundance of scientific curiosity in the administration of medicines using particle delivery systems as carriers for small and big molecules. Particulate systems, such as nanoparticles, have been utilized as a physical method to modify and improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics aspects of numerous pharmaceutical molecules. A typical nanoparticle is between 1 and 100 nm in size and has one or more dimensions. Nanoparticles are usually categorized as inorganic, organic, or carbon-based particles according to their superior characteristics in comparison to larger sizes of the corresponding materials. They have been utilized in vivo to protect the drug entity in the systemic circulation, limiting drug distribution to the targeted areas, and to transport the drug at a controlled and sustained rate to its site of action. The most innovative and promising medication delivery technique at the moment is nanoparticle technology. This methodical research examines the categorization, characteristics, techniques, characterizations, and applications of nanoparticles in the delivery of drug molecules.

Introduction: The root bark of Berberis aristata has been utilized by indigenous peoples for wound treatment for centuries. The mature root barks are crushed into a paste and applied to the wound's surface. Objective: The focus of this research is to analyse the wound healing activities of an ethanolic extract of Berberis aristata, as well as to use molecular docking to establish the likely mechanism of the potent phytochemical. There is no scientific evidence to support the usage of root bark extract of Berberis aristata. Methods: The Herbal ointment, which comprises (1%, 2%, and 4% w/w) ethanolic extract of root bark, was developed to test the wound healing ability of incision and excision wounds, and the molecular mechanism was established using Auto-Dock software. Results: Epithelization stage, wound index, % wound contraction area, hydroxyproline content, DNA estimate, and histopathological assessments were performed on the incision wound model. Tensile strength was assessed in an excision wound model. TLC was used to identify the samples after successive extractions with different solvents based on polarity. Conclusion: Berberine and Tetrahydropalmatine were major active phytoconstituent found in root barks of Berberis aristata as secondary metabolites. Animals treated with 4% w/w formulation demonstrated considerable wound contraction, epithelization time, and wound index in the excision model. In contrast, to control and standardize the concentrations of hydroxyproline, total amino acids, and DNA in recovering tissue were higher. At 4% w/w extract formulation, the parameters studied indicated a substantial result. Berberine and tetrahydropalmatine, active metabolites which are present in the ethanolic extract of Berberis aristata, were found to be responsible for wound healing. Based on ligand interactions, the findings verified Berberis aristata ethnomedicinal claim in a wound healing capacity.

Berberis aristata commonly known as Daruhaldi, which is traditionally used in the various treatment such as inflammation, irritation, wound and other skin aliments. During the tribal time period, Indian people were use the crused from of root-bark directly on infected parts of skin. Most of the people used the matured root bark in crused form and directly apply a thick paste on the inflammated surface. In this investigation, quantify the important marker compound (Berberine and Tetrahydropalmatine) by the HPTLC-densitometry method and further evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of EEBA and also done the molecular docking, which was done by using Auto-Dock software. Croton oil induced ear oedema and carrageenan induced paw oedema model was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy. Auto-Dock software was used to determine the molecular mechanism. The finding of the HPTLC-densitometry validated method revealed that the RSD for interday (0.113-0.343 and 0.116-0.342) and intraday (0.101-0.304 and 0.105-0.296) are as per ICH guidelines. The pharmacological evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity revealed a significant reduction of oedema when using 4% formulation. On behlf of molecular docking berberine and tetrahydropalmatine inhibit the of COX-1 and COX 2 levels. It was concluded that the application of the extract in animals to be used as an anti-inflammatory agent for topical formulations and the phytoconstituent have potentcy to inhibit the effect of COX-1 & 2.

Aims: The aim of present investigation was to evaluate the traditional claim of Ficus retusa as an anti-diarrheal and anti-spasmodic agent using different pharmacological models. Background: Diarrhea is considered as major cause of mortality, especially in children and aged persons. Because of diarrhoea, 17% of admitted children get die. In order to treat the diarrhea, natural drugs may be useful. Objective: In order to prove the traditional claim of Ficus retusa, present work was undertaken with objective to prove antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activity. Methods: The anti-diarrhoeal activity was evaluated by magnesium sulphate induced diarrhea and 5-hydroxy tryptamine(5HT) induced diarrhea. Further, the exact were subjected to gastrointestinal motility test using standard procedure. Conclusion: The response towards bioactivity was dose dependent. It was concluded that 400mg/kg bw of ethanolic extract is most potent in antidiarrhoeal and antispasmodic activity.

This investigation aims to determine the dermal safety dose range for the entire Hydnocarpus wightiana plant. The acute and subacute skin toxicity investigations were evaluated using the OECD criteria 402 and 410. In the acute dermal toxicity study, the extract dosages (2000 and 5000 mg/kg) were topically given in single doses. The overall behaviour, adverse effects, and death were noted for up to 72 hours. Subsequently, in sub-acute dermal research, the various concentrations of the extract were topically given at doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg for 28 days, and any changes were recorded. In the two groups (i.e., 2000 and 5000 mg/kg extract treatment groups), no significant behavioural alterations, sleepiness, or drowsiness were seen, and only mild sedation and lethargy were noted. Overall, there were no discernible poisoning signs or symptoms. Giving extracts (2000 mg/kg) improved the liver function parameters considerably. It was discovered that no signs were observed on the dermal application of the extract.

To prepare an herbal ointment using an ethanolic extract of Berberis aristata and assess the anti-psoriatic effectiveness of the finished product. We were able to make multiple ointments that were each categorized as F-1, F-2, and F-3 by adding varying concentrations of stearic acid and cetyl alcohol by learning about various formulation types, such as oil in water. The analysis of many factors, including pH, viscosity, spreadability, and stability, was used to evaluate all formulations. A formulation of ethanolic extract (F-3) showed antipsoriatic action. No evidence of a separate phase or ease of removal was found in any of the formations, but they all demonstrated good spreadability, consistency, appearance, and pH. Additionally, during irritancy trials, the formulation F-3 did not cause redness, oedema, erythema, or irritation. The use of this formulation on the skin is safe. As a result, the study implies that the extract's and the ointment's base's compositions are safer and more stable, however, they might also have synergistic effects.