The complexity of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and several side effects of currently available medication inclined us to search for a novel natural cure by targeting multiple key regulatory proteins. We initially virtually screened the natural product-like compounds against GSK3β, NMDA receptor, and BACE-1 and thereafter validated the best hit through molecular dynamics simulation (MDS). The results demonstrated that out of 2029 compounds, only 51 compounds exhibited better binding interactions than native ligands, with all three protein targets (NMDA, GSK3β, and BACE) considered multitarget inhibitors. Among them, F1094-0201 is the most potent inhibitor against multiple targets with binding energy −11.7, −10.6, and −12 kcal/mol, respectively. ADME-T analysis results showed that F1094-0201 was found to be suitable for CNS drug-likeness in addition to their other drug-likeness properties. The MDS results of RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, SSE and residue interactions indicated the formation of a strong and stable association in the complex of ligands (F1094-0201) and proteins. These findings confirm the F1094-0201’s ability to remain inside target proteins’ binding pockets while forming a stable complex of protein-ligand. The free energies (MM/GBSA) of BACE-F1094-0201, GSK3β-F1094-0201, and NMDA-F1094-0201 complex formation were −73.78 ± 4.31 kcal mol⁻¹, −72.77 ± 3.43 kcal mol⁻¹, and −52.51 ± 2.85 kcal mol⁻¹, respectively. Amongst the target proteins, F1094-0201 have a more stable association with BACE, followed by NMDA and GSK3β. These attributes of F1094-0201 indicate it as a possible option for the management of pathophysiological pathways associated with AD.

With the recent increased prevalence of human outbreaks, monkeypox has been recognized for decades as an infectious disease with substantial pandemic potential. The majority of cases of this virus have been observed in the European region (11,865), with few cases in the Western Pacific (54). Various governing health agencies are striving to restrain the fatal monkeypox virus (MPXV). Health practitioners around the world are learning about the many clinical manifestations of this infection, and its potential therapies. Despite the plethora of new evidence and rising cases, the essential questions remain unsolved. Thus, in this review, we have modernized the outlook for monkeypox, which will be helpful for various medical practitioners. In the light of continuing outbreaks around the world, we have also presented our assessment of the readiness of India against this outbreak, with a special focus on its effects on oral health.

Background and objectives The efficiency of healthcare systems and nursing care depends on appropriate leadership. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between leadership styles of nurse managers and the staff turnover intention in Saudi Arabia. The nurses' intention to quit their jobs was considered as indicative of staff turnover intention. Methods A quantitative cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among 279 nurses, employed in three hospitals in Hafar Al-Batin City, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire comprised three parts to determine the association between leadership styles of nurse managers and staff turnover intention, and how they related to participants' demographic variables (gender/age/education/income/marital status/experience). The first part collected demographic data, and the second part was an adapted and validated version of the multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ-6S) used to assess the perceived leadership styles of nurse managers, based on 21 items. The third part, comprising seven items, was used to assess nurses' turnover based on intention to quit. The second and third parts of the questionnaire were scored using a five-point Likert scale. Collected data were tabulated and analyzed using a statistical software package for descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlation), comparing dependent outcome variables against independent demographic variables. Statistical significance was assumed when p-value was less than 0.05. Results Based on leadership style scores, transactional (13.32 out of a maximum of 24; 55.48%) and transformational (26.58 out of a maximum of 48; 55.37%) leadership were the most frequently perceived leadership styles among nurse managers. Laissez-faire leadership (6.31 out of a maximum of 12; 52.57%) was the least frequently perceived style. Upon comparing perceived leadership styles of nurse managers against demographic variables, no significant differences were observed for transformational leadership. However, income and experience of nurses showed significant relationship with the perceived transactional and laissez-faire leadership style scores, respectively. Based on perceived "intention to quit" scores, majority of the nurses expressed uncertain intention to quit (n = 193; 69.2%) and there was a significant yet weak negative correlation between the perceived leadership styles and intention to quit. The correlation coefficient (Pearson's-r) was lowest for laissez-faire leadership (-0.258) followed by transactional (-0.295) and transformational styles of leadership (-0.348). Conclusions The present study indicated a greater degree of transactional and transformational leadership styles among nurse managers than laissez-faire leadership style. While most of the nurses mentioned an uncertain intention to quit, correlating it with the perceived leadership styles it was found that transformational leadership among nurse managers indicated greater retention of nurses within their present jobs. The present research findings underline the importance of prioritizing and fostering healthy workplace environment by the nurse managers, through inculcation of transformational leadership practices. Furthermore, focused, multi-centric studies from around the world can help understand the leadership practices of nursing leaders and its relationship with the intention of nurses to quit their respective roles.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the impact of a transformational leadership style on the quality of nursing care in the second health cluster of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional research design was used in this investigation. Convenience sampling was used to choose 350 nurses as participants for the investigation. The nurses’ perceptions of transformational leadership and the quality of nursing care were evaluated using the Global Transformational Leadership Scale and the Quality Nursing Care Scale. A 52-item online survey that participants self-administered through Google Forms was used to collect data. Results: The nurses perceived leadership positively and endorsed transformational qualities, with a mean value of 3.87 and a total score of 27.15. The Quality of Nursing Care Scale, which had a total score of 146.5 and a mean of 4.07, indicates nurses’ approval of the present quality of care and a holistic approach to patient well-being. Conclusion: A strong positive link was found between quality of nursing care and transformative leadership.

This multi-disciplinary, cross-sectional, and descriptive study investigated health care students’ face mask use knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) and social distancing attitudes. The study was carried out from October to December 2021 and surveyed 543 health care students selected via convenience sampling from the three Shaqra University campuses in Saudi Arabia. Standard multiple linear regressions were conducted on face mask use KAP and social distancing attitude to identify their significant associated factors. The students in this study had poor knowledge and a neutral attitude towards and modest use practices of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Being female, being a nursing student, and having greater self-reported COVID-19-prevention knowledge were related to higher levels of face mask use knowledge. Having higher face mask use knowledge was linked to better attitude and practice. Knowledge of COVID-19 and its prevention and decreased COVID-19 risk perception were associated with better face mask use practices. The students had more positive than negative attitudes toward social distancing. Having known someone who was infected by the virus, lower risk perception, and better face mask use practices were associated with more positive social distancing attitudes. The findings imply the need to ensure that future health care practitioners are knowledgeable, have a positive attitude and good practices concerning face mask use, and have positive attitudes toward social distancing. The study implications are relevant for health care education in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere.

This cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between nursing leadership styles and patient satisfaction in 4 public hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The nonrandom convenience sampling method was used with 150 nurses who were involved in caring for 180 patients from 4 different hospitals in the central region of Saudi Arabia. Nursing leadership styles were assessed from nurses using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, while patient satisfaction was measured using the Patient Satisfaction with Nursing Care Quality Questionnaire. Passive-avoidant (PA) leadership style was most prevalent among nurse managers (62.6%, n = 94) and was associated with the lowest patient satisfaction ( m = 1.7, SD = 0.1), with ratings ranging from 0 (low satisfaction) to 4 (high satisfaction). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a statistically significant difference in patient satisfaction scores among leadership styles ( F (3, 176) = 25.421, P < .001). The transactional leadership demonstrated higher mean scores ( m = 2.7) compared to both the PA leadership style ( m = 2.1) (MD = 0.60, SE = 0.071, P < .001, 95% CI [0.42, 0.79]) and the transformational leadership leadership style ( m = 2.2) (MD = 0.54, SE = 0.10, P = .004, 95% CI [0.21, 0.88]). Conversely, the PA leadership style had lower mean scores ( m = 2.1) than both the transactional leadership group (MD = 0.60, SE = 0.07, P < .001, 95% CI [0.42, 0.79]) and the outcome leadership style ( m = 2.5) (MD = 0.37, SE = 0.09, P = .008, 95% CI [0.09, 0.65]). In Saudi Arabian public hospitals, PA leadership style was found to be the most prevalent among nurse managers, associated with the lowest levels of patient satisfaction. These findings underscore the importance of nursing leadership styles in affecting patient satisfaction. Further research is needed to explore the specific strategies that can be employed to foster effective leadership styles for improved patient outcomes.