Introduction: There is a growing interest in legislation and policies regarding sex work in the European Union and a debate between two opposite perspectives: prostitution is a form of gender violence or a work lacking legal and social recognition. This review aims to develop an integrative synthesis of literature regarding the impact of prostitution policies on sex workers’ health, safety, and living and working conditions across EU member states. Methods: A search conducted at the end of 2020 in bibliographic databases for quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods peer-reviewed research, and grey literature published between 2000 and 2020 resulted in 1195 initial references eligible for inclusion. After applying the selection criteria, 30 records were included in the review. A basic convergent qualitative meta-integration approach to synthesis and integration was used. The systematic review is registered through PROSPERO (CRD42021236624). Results: Research shows multiple impacts on the health, safety, and living and working conditions of sex workers across the EU. Conclusions: Evidence demonstrates that criminalisation and regulation of any form of sex work had negative consequences on sex workers who live in the EU in terms of healthcare, prevalence and risk of contracting HIV and STIs, stigmatisation and discrimination, physical and sexual victimisation, and marginalisation due to marked social inequalities, for both nationals and migrants from outside the EU. Policy Implications: The evidence available makes a strong case for removing any criminal laws and other forms of sanctioning sex workers, clients, and third parties, which are prevalent in the EU, and for decriminalisation. There is a need for structural changes in policing and legislation that focus on labour and legal rights, social and financial inequities, human rights, and stigma and discrimination to protect cis and transgender sex workers and ethnical minorities in greater commitment to reduce sex workers’ social inequalities, exclusion, and lack of institutional support. These measures could also positively impact reducing and monitoring human trafficking and exploitation.

Background: Motherhood is an emotional rollercoaster. This is overlooked by most literature, which tends to refer mothers’ pathological states of postpartum depression and anxiety, mainly seeking to understand their causes or predicting factors, and consequences on children’s development. Objective: In this study, we aim to observe the diversity of mothers’ emotional states, and to analyze both positive and negative feelings they disclose on specific public and closed motherhood sites on Facebook. We hypothesize that the intensive motherhood model is prevalent in Portuguese society, thus influencing the type of feelings and circumstances in which mothers disclose them. Methods: We collected posts and comments from the four most popular Portuguese Facebook motherhood sites during 2015 and, then, conducted a quantitative and content analysis to identify the expressed range of feelings concerning motherhood. Results: Mothers preferably share their positive feelings on public pages, whereas negative feelings are shared more in closed groups (CGs). Expressed positive and negative feelings were significantly different whether we look at normative or non-normative, public or closed sites. Discussion: We assume that motherhood sites on Portuguese Facebook reflect an intensive motherhood model that is normative in Portuguese society. Positive feelings toward children are promoted and openly shared in public normative sites, while negative feelings concerning motherhood are dealt with in the privacy of CGs. We propose an extensive motherhood model to overcome this duality and to allow women to pursue several different social roles simultaneously in an equally rewarding way.

We investigated suicidal behavior, mental health, and satisfaction with social support in 52 female street sex workers in Porto, Portugal, using the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire, the Social Support Satisfaction Scale, and structured interviews. Almost half our interviewees (46.15%) reported high suicidal ideation and 44.2% had made at least one suicide attempt. Most had a mental health diagnosis, most commonly depression (88.2%). Social support and suicidal ideation were moderately negatively correlated. Further research is needed to improve understanding of suicidal behaviors in female sex workers and develop interventions to improve social support and reduce suicidal ideation and associated risk factors.

The main social and institutional approaches to prostitution in Portugal conceptualize it as involving female sex workers and male clients and as a form of victimization. This view evidences gender stereotypes, is disempowering, denies rights and stigmatizes sex workers. However, in the case of men, transgender or homosexual in commercial sex, the oppressive mechanisms can multiply and be reinforced due to the stigma associated with being in the wrong body or gay. Thus, to be a man, a transgender or a homosexual prostitute can indicate a double or triple stigma, which stresses gender violence. In this article, based on empirical data, we discuss these issues with reference to the context and reality of sex work in Portugal.

Disabled women have historically been marginalized from sexuality education and discussions due to harmful stereotypes that portray them as asexual or incompatible with cis-heteroreproductive sexual norms. To assess whether these assumptions are supported by empirical evidence, a scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O’Malley’s proposal and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The protocol is registered with the Open Science Framework. EBSCOhost, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases were searched to map peer-reviewed scientific articles published between 2013 and 2023 on disabled women’s sexual practices. Seven qualitative studies were selected and analyzed through reflexive thematic analysis. Four key themes were identified: Reclaiming Sexuality, Navigating Constraints, Barriers to Awareness, and Building Inclusive Futures. The findings illustrate the diversity of sexual experiences among disabled women and highlight their active role in overcoming the barriers imposed by their bodies and environments. This review contributes to a broader discourse on sexuality and disability, challenges oversimplified narratives of de-sexualization, and provides evidence supporting a paradigm shift towards inclusive, affirmative sexual health education. Further research and policy reforms are essential to ensure recognition of their sexual citizenship, desires, and lived realities.

Purpose – In this paper, the aim is to present an historical analysis to account for the association between prostitution, disease, and victimization. It also seeks to examine how stigmatization and rejection are currently focused on the immigrant sex worker. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is based on historical data about regulations in Portugal, in a recent ethnography carried out with street prostitutes and in a current study on immigrant sex workers and health care. Findings – Sex workers have been recognized as a group “at risk” both because they are associated with sexually transmitted diseases and because they are acknowledged as victims of traffic and sexual exploitation. This label “group at risk” justifies some state policies often expressed in sanitary and social control measures, as regulations. Because migrant sex workers are simultaneously immigrants and sex workers they are perceived as a threat to social order and a sign of moral disorder and, so, they experience processes of rejection and stigmatization more significantly than local sex workers. Originality/value – The knowledge of the negative consequences experienced by migrant sex workers implies an effort to produce changes in the policies and practices towards them. All those involved in research or intervention with migrant sex workers have the responsibility to be aware of the discrimination, violence, and control they are subjected to and must be committed enough to challenge them. This paper can be a contribution to that.