In an attempt to reduce such decay induced by pathogenic causes, several studies investigated the effectiveness of nanoparticles (NPs) that play a vital role in saving food products, especially fruits. Current research delves into biogenic silver nanoparticles (using marine alga Turbinaria turbinata (Tt/Ag-NPs) and their characterization using FT-IR, TEM, EDS, and zeta potential. Some pathogenic fungi, which cause fruit spoilage, were isolated. We studied the impact of using Tt/Ag-NPs to protect against isolated fungi in vitro, and the influence of Tt/Ag-NPs as a coating of tomato fruit to protect against blue mold caused by Penicillium italicum (OR770486) over 17 days of storage time. Five treatments were examined: T1, healthy fruits were used as the positive control; T2, healthy fruits sprayed with Tt/Ag-NPs; T3, fruits infected with P. italicum followed by coating with Tt/Ag-NPs (pre-coating); T4, fruits coated with Tt/Ag-NPs followed by infection by P. italicum (post-coating); and T5, the negative control, fruits infected by P. italicum. The results displayed that Tt/Ag-NPs are crystalline, spherical in shape, with size ranges between 14.5 and 39.85 nm, and negative charges. Different concentrations of Tt/Ag-NPs possessed antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Penicillium expansum, Alternaria alternate, and Stemphylium vesicarium. After two days of tomatoes being infected with P. italicum, 55% of the fruits were spoilage. The tomato fruit coated with Tt/Ag-NPs delayed weight loss, increased titratable acidity (TA%), antioxidant%, and polyphenol contents, and decreased pH and total soluble solids (TSSs). There were no significant results between pre-coating and post-coating except in phenol contents increased in pre-coating. A particular focus is placed on the novel and promising approach of utilizing nanoparticles to combat foodborne pathogens and preserve commodities, with a spotlight on the application of nanoparticles in safeguarding tomatoes from decay.

This study focused on the myco-fabrication of packaging materials based on biosourced fungal mycelium. The methodology includes evaluating several substrates, focused on wood sawdust, spent coffee grounds, and orange peels with five filamentous strains. The screening steps on solid and liquid agrowaste media, as well as the elemental compositions of the waste substrates, showed that the T. versicolor BS7 strain grown on the mixture of spent coffee grounds and wood sawdust (SCG/Saw) seems to be promising for mycelium-based biocomposites (MBCs) biofabrication. The analysis of the chemical properties indicated that the pH value, nitrogen content, and organic matter content of the obtained MBCs were within the following ranges: 4.67–5.8, 1.05–1.043%, and 27.2–25.5%, respectively. The SEM analysis reveals that the combination of SCG and sawdust induced a well-developed mycelial network contributing to the material’s water absorption (125.73% after 1 h). Also, the obtained MBC exhibits good density (0.580 g cm⁻³), moderate compressive strength of 3.62 ± 0.5 MPa, relatively high strain at failure (57%), and good thermal stability with Tmax of 601.23 °C. The biodegradation percentage for this optimal composition indicates that MBC can easily decompose in the environment. Overall, the MBC derived from SCG/Saw appears to be a promising biomaterial with potential applications in soil amendments.

Light is arguably one of the most significant aspects of microgreen algae growth and lipid yields. Microgreen algae-based biodiesel production offers a pioneering method of producing renewable fuel. In this research, Chlorella sp. was cultivated in colorless (control), red, orange, yellow, blue, and green Erlenmeyer flasks. The BG11 medium was used with continuous illumination by cool white fluorescent light with a light intensity of 2,500 lux (35 µmol photon·m ⁻² ·s ⁻¹ ), and light: dark (12:12 h). After 14 days of cultivation, dry weight, pigments, and lipids % were measured. The results demonstrate that the red color was the best effect on Chlorella sp. growth under continuous light. Control enhanced the production of Chlorophyll- a and Chlorophyll- b in continuous illumination. Non-significant results among control, red, and blue colors in the case of algal dry weight, under dark: light. The quantity of saturated fatty acids was higher in algae cultivated in the red flask (42.9%), followed by blue with continuous illumination. Control with continuous illumination denotes a higher amount of monounsaturated fatty acids. Alga in the blue flask produced a high quantity (83.71%) of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the light: dark cycle. The color light can be used to enhance the lipid quality.

Nanoemulsions are promising nanotechnology-based delivery systems that may improve the stability, bioavailability, and cellular uptake of therapeutic agents. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been reported to exhibit high antibacterial and anticancer activities via several mechanisms, such as the generation of oxidative stress and disruption of cellular membrane integrity. Breast cancer (MCF−7) and ovarian cancer (SK-OV−3) represent two highly aggressive malignancies that pose major global health challenges. Brown algae oil is a natural marine-derived product with a number of bioactive compounds, including fatty acids, sterols, and antioxidants, responsible for its numerous biological activities. Oil extracted from the brown alga Turbinaria turbinata, using hexane as an organic solvent, was formulated with silver nitrate (AgNO₃) using a surfactant-stabilized spontaneous emulsification method to prepare a silver-loaded T. turbinata oil nanoemulsion (Ag-TTO-NE). The biological performance of the system was evaluated against human cancer cell lines, including MCF−7 (breast cancer) and SK-OV−3 (ovarian cancer), in addition to pathogenic bacterial strains, and for antioxidant activity. The results demonstrated that the silver-loaded oil nanoemulsion (Ag-TTO-NE) exhibited anticancer activities against MCF−7 (breast cancer) and SK-OV−3, with IC50 values of 105.86 and 72.45 µg/mL and a Selectivity Index of 2.34 and 3.41, respectively. The silver-loaded oil nanoemulsion (Ag-TTO-NE) possessed antioxidant and antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC90274) and Salmonella typhi (ATCC 6539). These results indicate that T. turbinata-based silver nanoemulsions deserve further exploration as multifunctional marine-derived nanoformulations. In silico ADMET analysis projected moderate to high oral absorption for most of the discovered compounds and suggested favorable pharmacokinetic properties of the individual ingredients. ADMET analysis suggested that the major compounds discovered by GC–MS have good medication-like characteristics. These computational predictions are supplemental information and are not to be taken as the pharmacokinetic behavior of the nanoemulsion itself. Overall, the present results are based on in vitro biological assays together with exploratory computational studies and constitute preliminary evidence for the subsequent exploration of this marine-derived nanoformulation.

Dhiba port has a strategic location near the Neom project. Various anthropogenic activities contributed to the discharge of heavy metals and oil spill in the aquatic system and caused environmental pollution. Microalgae are the best microorganisms in aquatic conditions which known to be capable of eliminating contaminants. We investigate the heavy metals and hydrocarbons contaminations exhibited in five sites of port. Our aim is to determine the most contaminated sites then using Immobilized and fresh Chlorella vulgaris in bioremediation. The results indicated that Immobilized and fresh C. vulgaris have the capabilities of growing in contaminated seawater and were capable of removing heavy metals completely. Immobilized C. vulgaris is the most efficient in the degradation of hydrocarbons at site one. Overall, Immobilized C. vulgaris is the most effective in removing both heavy metals and hydrocarbon. It is an economic tool due to simplifying harvesting and then retaining for further processing.