This study analyzed the relationship between the types of parental involvement in homework, psychological resources, and academic achievement in Mexican elementary students. In total, 823 children participated, 51% were female, and 49% males. The age of participants ranged from 9 to 12 years old (M = 11.12, SD = 0.63). Structural equations were calculated. The first model indicated parental autonomy support had a direct positive relation with academic self-efficacy and self-regulated learning; it also had an indirect positive effect on academic achievement. On the other hand, parental control was directly and indirectly negatively related to academic self-efficacy, self-regulated learning, and academic achievement. The second model showed that children psychological resources and academic achievement influenced types of parental involvement in homework. A multi-group analysis indicated that gender did not moderate the proposed relations in the model. Overall findings suggest a reciprocal relationship between parental involvement in homework and children academic functioning. El estudio analizó la relación entre los tipos de involucramiento parental en las tareas, los recursos psicológicos y el desempeño académico en niños mexicanos. En total participaron 823 estudiantes, 51% niñas, and 49% niños. La edad de los participantes variaba desde los 9 a los 12 años (,M, = 11.12, ,DE, = 0.63). Se calcularon dos modelos estructurales. El primero indicó que el apoyo parental a la autonomía posee una relación directa positiva con la autoeficacia académica y el aprendizaje autorregulado, además de mostrar que afecta indirectamente de forma positiva el desempeño académico. Por otra parte el control parental afecta directa e indirectamente de forma negativa la autoeficacia académica, el aprendizaje autorregulado y el desempeño académico. En el segundo modelo se encontró que los recursos psicológicos y el desempeño académico del niño influyen en el tipo de involucramiento parental en las tareas. Un análisis multigrupo indicó que el género no modera las relaciones propuestas en el modelo. De forma global los hallazgos sugieren una relación recíproca entre el involucramiento parental en las tareas y el funcionamiento académico del niño.

The relationships among character strengths (forgiveness and gratitude), happiness, and prosocial bystander behavior in bullying were analyzed. The sample includes 500 (early adolescents) and 500 (middle adolescents) of both genders, between 12 and 18 years old (M age = 14.70, SD = 1.58). Two structural equation models were calculated. Results of the first model indicated that forgiveness, gratitude, and happiness had a direct positive relation with prosocial bystander behavior. Furthermore, human strengths were indirectly related to prosocial behavior in bullying for this effect in happiness. The second model showed that prosocial bystander behavior had a positive effect on human strengths and happiness. Multigroup analyses indicated that gender and stage of adolescence did not moderate the relations found in the model. Overall findings suggest a reciprocal relationship between character strengths, happiness, and prosocial bystander behavior.

The social cognitive approach to moral development posits that moral self-schemas encourage character strengths and reduce adolescents’ aggression. However, limited research has examined the influence of positive personal characteristics on proactive behaviors and reactive aggression in bullying. This study examined direct and mediational relationships between forgiveness, gratitude, self-control, and both proactive and reactive aggression in bullying. The extent to which the structural relations of this model were invariant by gender and stage of adolescence were also evaluated. Participants in this study were 1000 Mexican students, 500 early adolescents (M age = 12.36, SD = 0.77 years) and 500 middle adolescents (M age = 16.64, SD = 0.89 years), between 12 and 17 years old. Structural equation and multi-group invariance analysis were performed. Results indicate that gratitude and forgiveness are positively related to self-control. Gratitude, forgiveness, and self-control are also negatively related to reactive and proactive aggression. Forgiveness and gratitude had an indirect relationship by decreasing both proactive and reactive aggression through their positive effects on self-control. Additionally, gender moderated the relationships between variables proposed in the model, whereas stage of adolescence did not. Overall findings suggest that moral self-schemas and strengths explained both types of aggression in bullying.